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1.
Abstract – Foraging juvenile fish with relatively high food demands are usually vulnerable to various aquatic and avian predators. To compromise between foraging and antipredator activity, they need exact and reliable information about current predation risk. Among direct predator-induced cues, visual and olfactory signals are considered to be most important. Food intake rates and prey-size selectivity of laboratory-reared, naive young-of-the-year (YOY) perch, Perca fluviatilis , were studied in experiments with Daphnia magna of two size classes: 2.8 and 1.3 mm as prey and northern pike, Esox lucius , as predator. Neither total intake rate nor prey-size selectivity was modified by predator kairomones alone (water from an aquarium with a pike was pumped into the test aquaria) under daylight conditions. Visual presentation of pike reduced total food intake by perch. This effect was significantly more pronounced (synergistic) when visual and olfactory cues were presented simultaneously to foraging perch. Moreover, the combination of cues caused a significant shift in prey-size selection, expressed as a reduced proportion of large prey in the diet. Our observations demonstrate that predator-induced olfactory cues alone are less important modifiers of the feeding behaviour of naive YOY perch than visual cues under daylight conditions. However, pike odour acts as a modulatory stimulus enhancing the effects of visual cues, which trigger an innate response in perch. 相似文献
2.
A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha−1 significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha−1 ), N (75 kg ha−1 ) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages. 相似文献
3.
Provision of a suitable feed is paramount for the ongoing success of spiny lobster culture. This study compared and evaluated the performance of seven diets for first instar juvenile spiny lobster Panulirus argus [5–6 mm carapace length (CL)] based on growth rates, survival, and feed conversion ratio. Results demonstrated that a seafood-based juvenile formulation produced the fastest growth rate (3.49% weight gain day−1 and 0.90% CL increase day−1 over a 28-day period). These growth rates were also reflected by a low feed conversion rate (3.04) for this formulated feed. Similar results were also obtained for juveniles fed a frozen seafood diet, however, frozen brine shrimp, Artemia salina (both enriched and un-enriched), frozen enriched mysis shrimp, a dry pellet, and a meal-based juvenile formulation did not produce consistent growth rates. Survival rates ranged between 38% and 85% and demonstrate that juvenile lobsters have better likelihoods of survival in captive culture environments compared to the wild. Although further nutritional refinement is recommended, the results from this research have significant implication for the possible expansion of juvenile spiny lobster growout to a larger scale. 相似文献
4.
5.
Ho Seop Yoon Chul Won Park Ho Young Soh Il Woong Park & Sang Duk Choi 《Aquaculture Research》2009,40(2):242-245
The present study was designed to determine the positive effects of artificial illumination on the juvenile black seabream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli , by comparing stomach contents and growth between juveniles exposed to light and those maintained in the absence of light. The major prey items for juvenile black seabream reared in illuminated cages were amphipods (IRI%=50.5), copepods (IRI%=44.7) and polychaetes (IRI%=3.0), whereas those for the juveniles maintained in unilluminated cages were copepods (IRI%=96.0), amphipods (IRI%=3.4) and polychaetes (IRI%=0.6). The specific growth rates (SGR) of the juveniles reared in illuminated cages (0.99%) were significantly higher than those of the juveniles maintained in unilluminated cages (0.78%). 相似文献
6.
Abstract Condition indices are often used as surrogates of fish health, growth, and feeding and to compare ecological well-being among fish populations. In an effort to identify easily measured indices, growth and food consumption were compared with gonadal-somatic index, liver-somatic index (LSI), fat-somatic index and relative weight ( W r ) for ages 1–3 walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill), in Lake Erie from 1986 to 1988. The LSI and W r were significantly correlated with growth rate or food consumption, but correlations were too small to be considered biologically meaningful. Furthermore, no consistent relationships between condition indices and growth or consumption were found among combinations of fish age and season. None of the indices are considered reliable surrogates for more laborious estimates of growth and food consumption for Lake Erie walleye. Significant relationships between W r and relative abundance of key prey species warrant further investigation. 相似文献
7.
To ascertain whether growth rate modifies the oxidative capacity of fish white muscle, we examined the effects of individual
growth rate on the activities of four mitochondrial enzymes in white muscle of the fast growing Atlantic cod,Gadus morhua. Growth rates were individually monitored in cod held at three acclimation temperatures during experiments repeated in four
seasons. The size dependence of citrate synthase (CS), cytochrome C oxidase (CCO) and β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD)
activities was established using wild cod ranging from 115 to 17,350 g. Given their negative allometry, CS and CCO activities
in the experimental cod were corrected to those expected for a 1.2 kg animal. HOAD activities did not change with size. The
specific activities of CCO and CS were positively correlated with growth rate. However, for both enzymes, season explained
more of the variability than growth rate or temperature. Season was the only factor to significantly affect the activity of
HOAD, while temperature and season interacted to determine glutamate dehydrogenase activity. CS activity was positively correlated
with the initial condition of the cod, which differed among the seasons. The other enzymes did not show this relationship.
The independent changes of these enzymes suggest that mitochondria undergo qualitative modifications with changes in growth
rate, season and size. Although growth rate and the activities of CCO and CS are positively correlated, the activity of the
mitochondrial enzymes is more affected by size, physical condition and season. 相似文献
8.
Few marine rotifer species (e.g. Encentrum linheii and Synchaeta cecilia) have been cultured successfully besides Brachionus plicatilis and B. rotundiformis, commonly used to rear larvae of many marine fish species. The development of culture techniques for marine rotifers smaller in size than the Brachionus species may be useful for rearing fish species for which the currently used prey are too large. We evaluated the possibility of culturing Colurella dicentra isolated from a Mississippi Gulf Coast estuary. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of salinity (10–35 g L?1) on its population growth rate. Rotifers were fed Nannochloropsis oculata at a density of 100 000 cells mL?1 for 15 days. Colurella dicentra survived in water with a salinity of 10–47 g L?1. Densities of up to 300 rotifers mL?1 were sometimes attained in cultures. Salinity influenced C. dicentra production (P<0.001). The mean rotifer numbers at 10 g L?1 (22 840±2604 SD), 15 g L?1 (25 980±7071 SD) and 20 g L?1 (19 780±1029 SD) at the end of the experiment were similar (P>0.05), but were higher (P=0.05) than numbers at 25 g L?1 (4240±1783), 30 g L?1 (1300±264 SD) and 35 g L?1 (100±101 SD). The population growth rate (r) of the rotifers was the highest at 15 g L?1 (0.37–0.42 day?1), and the lowest at 35 g L?1 (?0.33–0.06 day?1). This is the first report of C. dicentra in the estuarine waters of the Gulf of Mexico, and also the first time it has been cultured successfully. 相似文献
9.
Thenmoli Vallipuram Sundarabarathy Udeni Edirisinghe & Chandraratne Mahinda Bandara Dematawewa 《Aquaculture Research》2005,36(2):196-201
This study was aimed to develop captive breeding and nurture the young of stonesucker (Garra ceylonensis, Bleeker), a small threatened freshwater fish species endemic to Sri Lanka. Breeding of stonesucker was possible under indoor conditions without hormonal stimulation. They were single spawners having a fecundity of 562±176 eggs per fish (total length of 7.9±0.6 cm) with an egg size of 770–1877 μm. Duration of development stages were, egg to hatchling 36–48 h, hatchling to postlarva stage 3–4 days, postlarva to juvenile stage 5–64 days and adult stage in 300–365 days at 26–28°C. Juveniles exhibited bottom dwelling habit in 70–75 days. Postlarva fed with formulated feed exhibited the highest growth (P<0.05) compared with live diets, Artemia and microworm (Anguillula sp.). Although the juveniles revealed a significantly high growth performance (P<0.05) with swine liver diet up to day 45 compared with formulated feed and combination of detritus and plankton, formulated feed exhibited an increase in growth from day 50. Therefore, formulated feed could be used for rearing of postlarva and juvenile stages without any live feeds. 相似文献
10.
Female-biased mortality rate and sexual size dimorphism of migratory masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract – We examined whether mortality and growth during the migration phase (the lacustrine phase after smolting) differ between sexes in migratory (lake-run) masu salmon ( Oncorhynchus masou ) in a lacustrine population, northern Hokkaido, Japan. The sex ratio of 1+ smolts was more skewed to females than that of the returning adults in three annual cohorts examined, indicating that females have a higher mortality rate during the migration phase. Although there was no difference in smolt length between sexes, female adults were larger in body length than males of the same age: female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) occurs. We suppose that breeding selection favouring a larger body size for females than for males in this population probably requires that females undertake more intensive foraging behaviour with its greater inherent risks but faster growth rates during the migration phase. It therefore seems to be likely that the selection is the ultimate cause of the female-biased mortality rate and SSD. 相似文献