Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from Vibrio harveyi infection by pre‐emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non‐antagonistic bacterial probiotics

This study shows that the disease resistance and survival rate of Penaeus monodon in a larval rearing systems can be enhanced by supplementing with antagonistic or non‐antagonistic probiotics. The antagonistic mode of action of Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and MCCB 103 against vibrios was demonstrated in larval mesocosm with cultures having sufficient concentration of antagonistic compounds in their culture supernatant. Investigations on the antagonistic properties of Bacillus MCCB 101, Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and MCCB 103 and Arthrobacter MCCB 104 against Vibrio harveyi MCCB 111 under in vitro conditions revealed that Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and MCCB 103 were inhibitory to the pathogen. These inhibitory properties were further confirmed in the larval rearing systems of P. monodon. All these four probionts significantly improved larval survival in long‐term treatments as well as when challenged with a pathogenic strain of V. harveyi MCCB 111. We could demonstrate that Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and MCCB 103 accorded disease resistance and a higher survival rate in P. monodon larval rearing systems through active antagonism of vibrios, whereas Bacillus MCCB 101 and Arthrobacter MCCB 104 functioned as probiotics through immunostimulatory and digestive enzyme‐supporting modes of action.     

节杆菌与施氏假单胞菌对甲基对硫磷的共降解研究

为实现对有机磷农药甲基对硫磷的彻底降解,研究利用有机磷农药降解菌施氏假单胞菌YC-YH1与对硝基苯酚降解菌CN2对甲基对硫磷进行共降解试验,同时克隆了参与降解过程的相关基因,并对2株菌株在对甲基对硫磷污染土壤的原位修复中的效果进行研究。结果表明,与YC-YH1单独降解相比,YC-YH1和CN2共降解在处理前32 h无较大差异;但之后,甲基对硫磷和对硝基苯酚的降解速度明显加快,处理48 h后甲基对硫磷即被完全降解,比单独用YC-H1降解时提前了16 h,处理64 h时对硝基苯酚就被完全降解。而土壤修复的研究结果表明,菌株YC-YH1与CN2能够高效降解甲基对硫磷,72 h对土壤中100 mg/kg甲基对硫磷的降解率接近100%,尤以未灭菌土壤中降解效果更好。     

高效异养硝化细菌的分离筛选及多样性分析

采用生长曲线指导的富集培养法,从生活污水排放渠中分离筛选出高效异养硝化细菌,并对其多样性进行了分析。结果显示,从分离得到的27株异养硝化细菌中筛选出6株高效菌株Ni1-2、Ni1-8、Ni2-5、Ni2-7、Ni3-1和Ni3-4,其48 h氨氮去除率分别为88.9%、76.6%、87.7%、93.1%、99.2%和91.4%;结合菌落形态、革兰氏染色反应、扫描电镜观察和16S r DNA序列分析,发现菌株的种类较为丰富,初步确定Ni1-2和Ni1-8为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter),Ni2-5和Ni3-1为产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes),Ni2-7为无色杆菌属(Achromobacter),Ni3-4为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。该结果可为高效异养硝化菌的分离筛选及其多样性分析提供参考。     

节杆菌属甲基对硫磷的降解菌株L-W的分离及降解特性

从生产甲基对硫磷的华阳农药厂污水曝气池中,分离到1株能以甲基对硫磷及其降解中间产物对硝基苯酚为唯一碳源生长,且能够将其彻底降解为CO2和H2O的细菌L-W,经鉴定,为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp)。用气相色谱法和分光光度计法深入研究了L-W的降解能力,其7h内对50mg/L甲基对硫磷的降解率为85%,对50mg/L对硝基苯酚的降解率为99%。     

节杆菌YB6发酵滤液稳定性测定及其对盆栽番茄青枯病的防治效果

节杆菌YB6 (Arthrobacter spp.)为番茄青枯病拮抗菌株,其发酵滤液稳定性测定结果表明,该发酵滤液对热、酸碱及蛋白酶K敏感,在60益及其以上温度失去抑菌活性;强酸强碱条件和蛋白酶K浓度1.5 mg/mL以上均会使其活性显著下降;对光照和紫外线稳定,5 h紫外线照射和35 000 lx光照条件下抑菌活性无显著变化。抗菌谱研究显示,对测试的8种病原菌均有抑制效果,其中对甘蔗黑粉病和小麦赤霉病抑制效果较强,抑菌率分别达88.6%和80.2%。以蘸根对番茄青枯病的防效最好,其防治率达到65.0%。     

阿氏节杆菌菌株DA-1的厌氧反硝化研究

阿氏节杆菌(Arthrobacter arilaitensis)菌株DA-1是一株氨氮降解细菌,且在有氧及厌氧条件下均具有反硝化作用.通过对该菌的厌氧反硝化条件进行优化,考察了碳源、C/N、温度和初始pH对其反硝化作用的影响.结果表明,乙酸钠为最佳的反硝化碳源,当C/N为10∶1、温度为30℃、初始pH为7.0时,A.arilaitensis DA-1能获得最高的反硝化效率,在该条件下,向硝酸盐模拟污水(NO3--N浓度为25mg/L)中接入2％(V/V)的A.arilaitensis DA-1菌剂,经过48 h的静置培养,N03--N的去除量达到了20.13 mg/L,而此时NO2--N积累浓度仅为0.56 mg/L.     

一株腐殖质还原功能菌的分离筛选与鉴定

腐殖质呼吸是一种新型微生物能量代谢方式,菌种资源研究成为腐殖质呼吸的研究重点。利用厌氧富集分离方法,从木薯堆肥土壤中获得1株具有腐殖质还原特性的兼性厌氧菌株,编号为HN02。 HN02为革兰氏阳性菌,细胞为短杆状,菌落呈黄色,表面光滑,边缘整齐;最适生长盐度为1％,最适生长温度为30℃,最适生长pH值7．5～8．5;可利用麦芽糖作为碳源,明胶液化和硝酸盐还原为阴性;16S rDNA基因序列分析结果表明：菌株HN02与天花板节杆菌亲缘关系最近,同源性达99．4％;HN02能在以葡萄糖作为电子供体,以AQDS为唯一电子受体的厌氧环境下将AQDS还原为AH2 QDS,还原率达40％。菌株HN02是1株具有腐殖质还原特性的天花板节杆菌,首次报道该菌属菌株具有腐殖质还原特性,为完善腐殖质还原特性的微生物系统提供理论基础。     

Microscopic observations of bacterial sorption in soil cores

 Bacterial cells may be immobilized in soil through adsorption to a variety of soil particles. These associations affect the interaction of native soil microbes with their nutrient sources and control at least in part the distribution of foreign bacteria entering the soil system. To observe the relationship between soil structure and adsorption of amended bacterial cells, a series of intact cores of Freehold fine sandy loam were inoculated with suspensions of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes cells at concentrations ranging from 10⁶ to 10⁸ cells per ml. The cells were cultivated in a glucose-based medium to induce spherical cell formation. Following inoculation, the soil cores were rinsed with sterile water (30–40 ml h^–1), flushed with thiazine red R to stain the bacterial cells, and then prepared for examination by common micromorphological techniques. The use of fluorescence, polarizing, and reflected light microscopy of soil thin sections, allowed direct, qualitative determinations of microbial distribution and associations with soil components. A. crystallopoietes cells were detected throughout the length of the soil columns. Soil pores did not appear to be clogged by the spherical A. crystallopoietes cells. Adsorption of amended bacteria was governed by the presence of both variably charged mineral oxides and organic matter within the intergrain microaggregates and occurred along coated mineral surfaces. Amendment of non-inoculated soil columns with 0.2% (w/v) solution of glucose demonstrated that the staining and sectioning procedure was sufficiently sensitive to detect growth of indigenous bacterial populations and their distributions within the soil matrix. Received; 6 April 1997     

盐胁迫下根际细菌对杨树生长和生理的影响

为了明确根际细菌对杨树耐盐能力的影响,采用盆栽方法研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,根际细菌Bacillus sp.和Arthrobacter sp.对杨树生长和生理的影响.结果表明,Bacillus sp.对杨树株高没有明显的影响;在无NaCl或NaCl浓度为85.5 mol/L时,显著降低杨树叶片细胞膜透性;在NaCl...     

金黄节杆菌DR-536分泌新型溶栓酶FA-Ⅰ发酵条件的优化

【目的】对金黄节杆菌DR-536(Arthrobacter aurescens strain DR-536)分泌产生新型溶栓酶FA-Ⅰ的发酵条件进行优化。【方法】通过纤维蛋白平板法,测定不同氮源、碳源、复配氮源、金属离子、NaCl、初始pH、接种量、装液量、发酵时间和培养温度条件下菌株DR-536分泌的溶栓酶产量。【结果】菌株DR-536(A.aurescens strain DR-536)分泌产生溶栓酶FA-Ⅰ的最佳发酵培养基配方为:黄豆粉1.0%,酵母膏1.0%,NaCl2.0%,FeSO40.05%,pH6.0。最佳发酵条件为:接种量4%,装液量20mL/150mL,发酵时间72h,发酵温度30℃。【结论】金黄节杆菌DR-536(A.aurescens strain DR-536)在普通培养条件下能够大量分泌溶栓酶FA-Ⅰ,适于大规模发酵,便于该酶的开发利用。