Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungivorous nematodes on the growth and arsenic uptake of tobacco in arsenic-contaminated soils

The effects of inoculation with two AM fungi (M1, Glomus caledonium; M2, Glomus spp. and Acaulospora spp.) and a fungivorous nematode Aphelenchoides sp. on growth and arsenic (As) uptake of Nicotiana tabacum L. were investigated in soils contaminated with a range of As. The reproduction of Aphelenchoides sp. was triggered by the co-inoculation of AM fungi regardless of AM fungal isolates and As levels. Stimulative effects of Aphelenchoides sp. on the development of mycorrhiza, slightly different between two AM fungi, were found particularly at the lowest As level. Irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculi, increasing soil As level decreased plant growth, but increased plant As uptake. Co-inoculation of AM fungi and Aphelenchoides sp. led plants to achieving further growth and greater As accumulation at the lowest As level. Results showed that the interactions between AM fungi and fungivorous nematodes were important in plant As tolerance and phytoextraction at low level As-polluted soil.     

砷对烤烟氮代谢的影响

采用盆栽试验，系统研究了砷对烤烟全生育期氮代谢的影响。结果表明，砷毒害对烤烟的氮代谢有显著影响。砷降低了整个生育期的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性，抑制了烤烟对硝态氮(NO₃^--N)的同化；提高了全生育期的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性，增强了烤烟对铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)的同化。砷提高了全生育期的谷氨酸—丙酮酸转氨酶(GPT)活性和天冬酰胺酶(Asparaginase, ASG)活性，以及现蕾以后的游离氨基酸含量，使烤烟的氮转化代谢旺盛。与此同时，砷降低了烤烟生育前期的蛋白质含量，随着生育进程的推进，又引起中、后期的蛋白质含量增加，最终导致烤烟蛋白质的积累，但使整个生育期的烟碱含量降低。     

Mechanisms of arsenite elimination by Thiomonas sp. isolated from Carnoulès acid mine drainage

Weathering of the arsenopyrite-rich tailings of the Carnoulès abandoned mining site (Gard, France) results in the formation of acid mine waters heavily loaded with arsenic. Dissolved arsenic present in the seepage waters is precipitated within a few meters from the bottom of the tailing dam by microorganisms. From these effluents, we have isolated and characterized a Gram negative bacterium involved in this bioremediation process. This bacterium, which belongs to the Thiomonas genus, is very efficient in removing arsenite from contaminated acidic waters by oxidizing it to arsenate, which precipitates.     

土壤中砷的来源及迁移释放影响因素研究进展

砷是一种高致癌风险的类金属,自然环境中高砷(As)含量可对人类和生态系统构成直接的健康威胁。研究自然环境中砷的来源、存在形式及影响因素有助于进一步理解环境中砷的迁移转化规律,降低人体摄入砷的风险。对文献的分析表明,铁锰氧化物矿物的还原性溶解、黄铁矿及其他硫化物矿物的氧化溶解、铝氢氧化物表面的砷还原、有机质抑制砷吸附以及Eh降低和pH升高是造成砷向环境迁移的主要原因。本文综述了环境中砷的来源及其向环境迁移的多种影响因素,分析了这些因素与砷之间的作用机制,以期为加强砷污染治理提供科学依据。     

Mobility and phytoavailability of arsenic in an abandoned mining area

The mobility and phytoavailability of arsenic in an area affected by the abandoned exploitation of an arsenical tungsten-tin deposit was studied to establish the current and eventual environmental risks and to propose possible remediation practices. Soil and plant samples were collected at different distances from the polluting sources and analyzed for their As content and distribution. Critical soil total concentrations of As were found, with values in the range 175-2300 mg kg^− 1. The readily labile As contents represent < 0.2% of the total concentrations, whereas the As contents more prone to be mobilized could rise up to 25%. Different phytostabilizing plants were identified, namely, Agrostis castellana (Boiss. & Reut.), Centaurea jacea L., Eryngium campestre L. and Scirpus holoschoenus L.. Such plants show important root bioaccumulation factor values in relation to the labile As contents (up to 197, 58, 201 and 88, respectively) and low translocation factor values (down to 0.170, 0.032, 0.173 and 0.036, respectively). Additionally to promote the revegetation with these plants, the species Rumex acetosella L. should be eliminated as this behaves as an index plant, reaching above-ground As concentrations up to 218 mg kg^− 1.     

双道原子荧光光谱同时测定土壤中砷、汞的方法研究

研究了土壤中总As、总Hg的同时测定方法,并对消化体系进行了筛选,利用正交试验设计法对测试条件进行了优化.建立了用王水消解样品,在10%盐酸溶液中用双道原子荧光光度计同时测定土壤中As、Hg的新方法.方法线性范围宽(As 0～200μg/L;Hg 0～10μg/L);检出限低(As 0.05μg/L;Hg 0.007μg/L);As的回收率为96.0%～101.0%,Hg的回收率为97.0%～103.7%;相对标准偏差(RSD)As为2.7%,Hg为4.5%.该方法准确、简便、快速,结果令人满意.     

原子荧光法测定卷烟主流烟气中的汞·砷·铅

研究了用原子荧光法测定卷烟主流烟气中的汞、砷、铅。结果表明，卷烟主流烟气用剑桥滤片捕集，用2％盐酸超声波浸取滤片上捕集的汞、砷、铅，然后用原子荧光法测定，方法相对标准偏差为2．8％～3．2％，标准回收率为91％～95％。     

顺序注射氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定灵芝中As和Bi

[目的]建立1种顺序注射氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定灵芝试样中的As和Bi含量的方法。[方法]灵芝样品采用微波快速消解系统消解，用绘制的标准曲线采用原子荧光光度计测得各个样品的As和Bi含量，并考察了光电倍增管负高压、As和Bi灯电流、原子化器高度、载气流量、屏蔽气流量等因素对测定结果的影响。[结果]载流HCI的浓度为0．3mol／L，KBH。浓度为10g／L时，同时测定As和Bi的效果最佳。在最佳试验条件下，As和Bi的检出限分别为0．079和0．031μg/L，加标回收率为90．5％～104．5％，相对标准偏差小于3．4％，灵芝试样中共存的离子对As和Bi的测定没有干扰。[结论]该方法操作方便、快速，灵敏性高，适用于灵芝试样品中As和Bi含量的同时测定．具有很好的可行性和实用性。     

地下水除砷技术的研究进展

砷是一种毒性很高的物质,地下水中存在砷污染,将对人体健康产生危害。重点介绍了地下水除砷技术的研究进展,评价了各种方法的优缺点。新型吸附材料具有较高的砷吸附容量,氧化法与吸附法等相结合是处理地下水中As(III)的有效途径,生物除砷成本低,无二次污染,具有广阔的发展前景。最后,展望了砷去除技术的发展方向。     

砷元素对水花生生长影响

用6个不同砷浓度的营养液对水花生进行培养,结果表明：低浓度砷（〈50μmol/L）能够促进水花生的生长;高浓度砷（〉100μmol/L）使水花生的生长受到抑制,砷浓度越高水花生生长受抑制越强。水花生还具有较强的吸收砷元素的能力,在砷浓度为25～400μmol/L时植株砷吸收量随浓度增大而增加,其中茎为水花生主要吸收部位。