饲料添加剂类抗生素替代品在生猪养殖中的研究进展

随着现代社会的发展,集约化养殖成为主流趋势,抗生素的缺失往往会给养殖者带来巨大损失。但是,长期以来,抗生素滥用导致的细菌耐药性和药物残留问题日益严峻。随着我国2020年饲料添加剂类的抗生素的禁用,寻找高速、有效的抗生素替代品成为养殖业急需解决的重要问题。近年来,涌现出的各种饲料添加剂,如酸化剂、微生态制剂、酶制剂、植物提取物、抗菌肽等均表现出良好的杀菌、抑菌、促进动物生长、提高免疫力的效果,为抗生素替代提供了解决思路。文章对近年来一些抗生素替代品在生猪养殖方面的研究应用情况进行了综述,为替抗用饲料添加剂使用提供参考。     

养猪生产中"肺肠同制"理论与替抗实践

在“禁抗”的大背景下,人们必须改变与病原微生物打交道的策略,从以往通过抗生素的“打打杀杀”到“和谐共处”。文章根据中医传统“肺与大肠相表里”理论,探索替抗的“肺肠同制”技术路径,并阐明只有替抗产品与替抗管理同时进行,才能够真正实现使用“替抗”方法与抗生素使用时达到同样、乃至更好的效果。     

一种蛹虫草固体饮料对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

[目的]研究蛹虫草速溶粉(佑元茶)对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。[方法]利用抗生素(青霉素钠)构建肠道菌群失调小鼠模型,以正常小鼠为对照,采用菌落计数法考察一种蛹虫草固体饮料对肠道菌群失调小鼠的肠道修复作用。[结果]蛹虫草固体饮料的高、中剂量组小鼠的体重显著高于其他组(P0.05)。高、中、低3个剂量组小鼠肠道中的益生菌乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量均显著高于模型组,且条件致病菌肠球菌数量均显著少于模型组(P0.05);3个剂量组中,中、高剂量组与低剂量组间亦存在显著性差异(P0.05),但中高剂量组间差异不明显。[结论]蛹虫草固体饮料对于抗生素干扰引起的肠道菌群失调具有较好的修复作用,可调节并保持肠道微生态菌群的平衡。     

Role of integrons in the proliferation of multiple drug resistance in selected bacteria occurring in poultry production

ABSTRACT

• 1. The increase in microbial resistance, and in particular multiple drug resistance (MDR), is an increasing threat to public health. The uncontrolled use of antibiotics and antibacterial chemotherapeutics in the poultry industry, especially in concentrations too low to cause inhibition, and the occurrence of residues in feed and in the environment play a significant role in the development of resistance among zoonotic food-borne microorganisms.

• 2. Determining the presence and transmission methods of resistance in bacteria is crucial for tracking and preventing antibiotic resistance. Horizontal transfer of genetic elements responsible for drug resistance is considered to be the main mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance.

• 3. Of the many well-known genetic elements responsible for horizontal gene transfer, integrons are among the most important factors contributing to multiple drug resistance. The mechanism of bacterial drug resistance acquisition through integrons is one of the essential elements of MDR prevention in animal production.

     

ACVIM Consensus Statement on Therapeutic Antimicrobial Use in Animals and Antimicrobial Resistance

The epidemic of antimicrobial resistant infections continues to challenge, compromising animal care, complicating food animal production and posing zoonotic disease risks. While the overall role of therapeutic antimicrobial use in animals in the development AMR in animal and human pathogens is poorly defined, veterinarians must consider the impacts of antimicrobial use in animal and take steps to optimize antimicrobial use, so as to maximize the health benefits to animals while minimizing the likelihood of antimicrobial resistance and other adverse effects. This consensus statement aims to provide guidance on the therapeutic use of antimicrobials in animals, balancing the need for effective therapy with minimizing development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from animals and humans.     

牛奶掺假分析鉴别

本文运用实验室检测方法对20份牛奶样品进行密度、新鲜度检验,并对样品中掺淀粉米汤、掺豆浆、掺食盐、掺蔗糖、掺尿或尿素、掺明胶、掺石灰水以及抗生素残留进行分析鉴别。实验结果表明,被检牛奶多数以掺水为主,部分有米汤、豆浆、蔗糖的掺假,均没有食盐、尿或尿素、明胶、石灰水的掺假,而抗生素残留在部分样品中比较明显。     

禽畜废弃物中的抗生素及其在蔬菜等农作物中的富集

有机肥作为重要的肥源在有机及可持续农业生产中占有重要地位。但是近些年来,抗生素在畜牧业中的大量使用导致了其在禽畜废弃物中的过量残留,这使得抗生素在“饲料-禽粪-土壤”这一环节中的积累逐渐加重,并通过植物的吸收等方式进入食物链,从而成为威胁人类健康的潜在因素。抗生素含量很可能成为“绿色壁垒”的重要指标,并成为限制我国蔬菜等农产品出口的因素之一。本文综述了禽畜废弃物中的主要抗生素及其降解方式和降解周期,阐述了抗生素对植物生长的影响及在蔬菜等农作物中的富集,并进一步探讨了今后的研究方向。