复合益生菌对眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)肠道消化酶、菌群结构以及形态的影响

为探讨饲料中添加复合益生菌对眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)肠道消化酶、菌群结构及形态的影响,将135尾初始体重(0.79±0.01)g的眼斑双锯鱼随机分为3组,每组3个重复,分别投喂复合益生菌有效活菌添加量为0%(对照组)、3%(L3组)和6%(L6组)的饲料,进行为期28 d的养殖试验。结果显示,复合益生菌能提升试验鱼肠道蛋白酶的活性,其中L3组肠道蛋白酶显著提升(P<0.05);能显著降低试验鱼肠道淀粉酶活性(P<0.05);能降低脂肪酶活性(P>0.05)。随着饲料中益生菌添加量的增加,试验鱼肠道中变形菌门丰度开始增多,拟杆菌门丰度降低。饲料中益生菌添加量的增加显著降低试验鱼肠道肌层厚度并显著增加试验鱼肠道绒毛高度(P<0.05)。可见,饲料中添加3%复合益生菌可改善眼斑双锯鱼肠道消化酶活性,提高肠道微生物群落多样性,改善肠道组织形态和功能。     

二线小丑鱼的人工繁殖

在人工条件下,模拟自然环境对野生的二线小丑进行驯养并使其达到性成熟,配对产卵。用体视镜对其胚胎发育的全过程进行观察,研究胚胎发育过程。并用显微照相的方法进行生态学、形态学的研究。研究结果表明,二线小丑的胚胎发育同大多数硬骨鱼类基本相似,属端黄卵盘状卵裂。在水温26℃条件下,约经176h完成孵化。胚后仔、稚、幼鱼阶段身体色素逐渐增加,鱼体逐渐由透明变为不透明。仔鱼在孵化当天即可开口摄食,3～4d后变态为稚鱼,9～10d后进入幼鱼期。仔、稚鱼期由于胃腺发育不完全必须投喂天然饵料,当进入幼鱼期后胃腺发育完全,可由天然饵料逐渐转为人工饲料。     

The development of integrated pest management for the control of mushroom sciarid flies,Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour) and Bradysia ocellaris (Comstock), in cultivated mushrooms

Mushrooms are susceptible to a range of diseases and pests that can cause serious crop loss. Effective pest and pathogen control is a very important factor for the maintenance of efficient production of cultivated mushrooms. Integrated pest management in mushrooms is reliant upon four main principals/elements: sanitation, exclusion, monitoring and pest control. Bradysia ocellaris (Comstock) and Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour) (Diptera: Sciaridae) are major pests of cultivated mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. These pests cause losses in yield through larval damage of the compost, mycelium and sporophores, and affect the structural features of the compost itself. Adult flies of these species also act as vectors for the introduction of mites and fungal diseases in cultivated mushrooms. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

小丑鱼幼鱼人工配合饲料初步研究

[目的]研制经济适用的小丑鱼幼鱼人工配合饲料。[方法]利用自制的2种配合饲料和鲜虾肉（对照组）投喂全长2cm左右的克氏双锯鱼和白条双锯鱼幼鱼进行56d的养殖试验，以评价自制配合饲料对小丑鱼生长和色彩的效果。[结果]结果表明，不同饲料（饲料A、饲料B及鲜虾肉）对2种小丑鱼幼鱼生长影响无显著差异，饲料B在饲料A的基础上添加了一定量的虾青素，使用7～10d即具有明显的增色作用，达到了鲜虾所不能达到的着色效果。饲料A和饲料B交替使用比使用鲜鱼虾具有明显的优势。[结论]人工饲料取代鲜活饵料是可行的。     

饲料糖水平对眼斑双锯鱼幼鱼生长性能和体成分的影响

为确定眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)幼鱼人工配合饲料的适宜糖水平,研究了糖水平为4.4%、8.4%、12.2%、16.1%、20.5%、24.5%和28.4%的人工饲料对眼斑双锯鱼幼鱼生长、饲料转化率和体成分的影响。结果显示,随着糖水平的升高,幼鱼增重率(WG)和特定生长率(SGR)呈先增加后降低趋势。回归分析表明,糖水平16.49%时WG最大;糖水平16.73%时SGR最大。饲料系数(FCR)随糖水平增加呈现先下降后上升的趋势,而蛋白质效率(PER)、蛋白质沉积率(PRR)和脂肪沉积率(LRR)的变化则相反。回归分析显示,糖水平9.20%时FCR最小;糖水平8.57%时PER最大;糖水平10.97%时PRR最大;糖水平14.12%时LRR最大。全鱼粗脂肪质量分数随糖水平升高而增加,糖水平20.5%时达到最高水平后略有下降。综合生长参数与糖水平的回归分析结果,眼斑双锯鱼生长最快的糖添加量为16.49%~16.73%;综合饲料效率参数与糖水平的回归分析结果,饲料效率最高的糖添加量为8.57%~14.12%。     

Frequency and Periodicity of Spawning in the Clownfish Amphiprion akallopisos Under Aquarium Conditions

Amphiprion akallopisos kept under aquarium conditions in South Africa spawned on average 2.2±0.8 (standard deviation) times per month throughout the year. There was no significant correlation between percentage of A. akallopisos pairs spawning and phase of the moon or tidal patterns. The increase in the number of spawnings during some spring and summer months appeared to correlate with changing photoperiod rather than changing water temperature. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of compost and casing treatments of insecticides against the sciarid Bradysia ocellaris (Diptera: Sciaridae) and on the total yield of cultivated mushrooms,Agaricus bisporus

BACKGROUND: Bradysia ocellaris (Comstock) is one of the major pests of cultivated mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. The feeding of sciarid fly larvae causes damage to the cultivation substrates, compost and casing. A comparative study of insecticidal treatments incorporated into compost and casing against B. ocellaris was conducted during 2003–2004. Treatments with an organophosphate, diazinon, a pyrazole, fipronil, and an insect growth regulator (IGR), triflumuron, were incorporated into casing. Another IGR, cyromazine, was incorporated into compost. Insecticidal incorporation into compost and casing has been associated with reductions in mushroom yield. Therefore, the effect of these insecticidal treatments on the overall yield was evaluated. RESULTS: A combined treatment, incorporation of cyromazine at 10 mg kg^?1 into compost and of triflumuron at 20 mg kg^?1 into casing, provided 100% control against B. ocellaris. There was no apparent reduction in yield as a result of incorporation of the tested chemicals into either compost or casing. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study suggest that incorporation of insecticides into both compost and casing is required to control a moderate to high pressure of insect pests. There were no significant yield reductions as a result of the incorporation of pesticides in the Australian mushroom‐growing system. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of Feed Type and Age-at-weaning on Growth and Survival of Clownfish Amphiprion percula (Pomacentridae)

To simplify the weaning of clownfish Amphiprion percula from live food to artificial food, and to reduce the costs of feeding live food, three trials were undertaken to determine the best age for weaning. Twenty-nine-day-old post-hatch A. percula were weaned onto a fishmeal/caesin-based dry food which was an acceptable substitute for either Artemia or a moist food comprising Penaeus indicus and Donax serra. Larvae weaned 4 days after hatch (DAH) had lower survival than fish weaned 7 or 10 DAH. In juveniles weaned from 10 to 30 DAH good survival was obtained between 15 and 20 DAH suggesting that this is a suitable window for the weaning of this species.     

Effects of natural dietary carotenoids on skin coloration of false Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier, 1830)

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary natural carotenoid sources on skin colour enhancement of false clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris. The juvenile fish (initial body wt. 0.30 g) were fed with four experimental diets including (a) commercial feed (reference diet), (b) moist feed, (c) sweet potato (potato diet) and (d) dried gut weed Enteromorpha sp. (gut weed diet). Sweet potato and gut weed were used to boost up β‐carotene levels in the diets. There was no significant difference in final weight (0.51 ± 0.02 – 0.61 ± 0.01 g) and length (2.80 ± 0.02 cm) of fishes among treatments (p > 0.05) after 8 weeks. The survival rate of the fish in all dietary treatment was greater than 89%. Principal component analysis results showed that fish fed potato and gut weed diets performed brighter colour in skin with more orangeness, body and accumulated β‐carotene levels were higher than those fish fed with reference diet. Indicator a* value for the redness of fish fed potato diet (16.18 ± 0.59) and gut weed (14.36 ± 2.14) was also higher than fish fed reference diet (10.92 ± 0.82). The result of this study provided key information for developing dietary colour enhancement of ornamental fish by using cost‐effective feed ingredients (potato and gut weed) as natural supplemental carotenoid sources.