美洲印第安视角主义下的动物实验伦理探讨

首先对动物保护主义运动的发展历史和动物保护主义运动的主要理论进行了梳理。同时,也对动物保护主义运动兴起以来,科学界和法学界关于实验动物伦理的回应进行了叙述。对比动物保护主义运动和现今的实验动物伦理,基于限制人类行为的实验动物伦理,已陷入无法回应"非人类中心主义"思潮下的动物保护主义运动的困境。在人类学界近年来的"本体论转向"中,拉美人类学家卡斯特罗提出的"美洲印第安视角",对人与动物关系给出了一种新的的解释框架。本文通过对上海某大学动物实验中心的案例分析,在经验层面印证了运用"美洲印第安视角主义"来构建动物实验伦理的可行性,并提出了对动物实验伦理的展望与构想。     

The unappreciated ecology of landrace populations: Conservation consequences of soil seed banks in Cassava

Failure to take into account the ecological complexity of landrace populations of crop plants limits our ability to conserve their genetic resources in situ. Soil seed banks are a central feature of the ecology of landrace populations of cassava; their existence has consequences for conservation. Seedlings recruited from seed banks are incorporated by farmers into their stocks of clones of this vegetatively propagated crop, transforming pure clonality into a mixed clonal/sexual reproductive system. Soil seed banks, and farmers’ responses to them, play an important role in maintaining diversity in populations of cassava landraces. In a study combining genetic and ethnobiological approaches, we showed the following: (i) Recruitment from soil seed banks increased diversity of populations at the local scale. At the level of a field, the presence of plants issued from seeds resulted in significantly greater diversity of genotypes and phenotypes than if only individuals planted by farmers had been present. (ii) Farmers’ use of seed banks has enabled indirect ‘exchange’ of locally adapted cassava germplasm between cultural groups, without requiring that groups actually encountered one another and engaged in social exchange of cultivars. (iii) Farmers have responded to catastrophic crop failure by using seed banks to regenerate stocks of clones. This use of seed banks should enable cassava populations to respond to disasters by an increase of genetic diversity, rather than by a narrowing of the genetic base, often feared in such situations.