富藻养殖水体中金鱼藻和篦齿眼子菜的抑藻效果研究

夏季高温时，养殖水体水华现象频繁发生，给养殖业带来巨大的损失。常见水生植物释放的活性物质在低浓度下可以起到抑藻作用，对藻类调控具有重要意义。本研究采用实验室静态模拟方法，取养殖池塘暴发蓝藻水华的水体，与沉水植物金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)及篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)进行共培养，研究这2种沉水植物对养殖水华水体营养水平、藻类生长、藻类结构及浮游藻类生物多样性的影响。结果显示，金鱼藻和篦齿眼子菜可显著降低水华水体氮、磷等营养水平(P<0.05)；金鱼藻和篦齿眼子菜可有效抑制水华蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)生长，尤其对颤藻和微囊藻(Microcystis sp.)效果显著(P<0.05)，且篦齿眼子菜对水华蓝藻抑制效果更为显著。实验结束时，篦齿眼子菜培养组藻密度下降93.6%，生物量下降98.9%，叶绿素a含量下降60.5%；金鱼藻培养组藻密度下降72.5%，生物量下降86.8%，叶绿素a含量下降54.3%；金鱼藻和篦齿眼子菜的存在可促进养殖水体浮游藻类生物多样性增加，且金鱼藻提高浮游藻类生物多样性效果更显著。金鱼藻培养组浮游藻类生物多样性升高98.4%，篦齿眼子菜培养组浮游藻类生物多样性升高50.3%。本研究结果可为未来生态养殖提供理论依据和参考。     

Response of hydroponic tomato to daily applications of aqueous ozone via drip irrigation

Recycling of greenhouse irrigation water in hydroponic tomato production requires a water remediation process to reduce the risk of pathogen proliferation and the accumulation of other chemical compounds. The dissolution of ozone into bulk irrigation solutions is an effective technology for reducing chemical contaminant and pathogen levels in greenhouse irrigation water. Greenhouse managers utilizing ozonation typically remove residual ozone prior to distribution to the crop. Removal of the active compound in this treatment process has been deemed a prudent measure intended to prevent ozone-based plant damage. This said, although atmospheric ozone has been extensively studied with respect to its phytotoxicity, there are very few studies available on ozone in the aqueous phase in which evidence to support the removal of ozone (on the basis of phytotoxicity) is provided. Furthermore, removal limits the overall efficacy of the treatment as the ozone is not available to treat distribution lines and emitters. The purpose of this study was to determine if aqueous ozone impacts tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Matrix F1) productivity when applied directly to a mineral wool growth substrate via drip irrigation. At the highest aqueous ozone treatment level (3.0 mg L⁻¹) significant increases in leaf area, shoot dry matter, and stem thickness were observed. There were no differences across all treatments in terms of net CO₂ assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, internal leaf CO₂ concentration, chlorophyll content index, and fruit production. A qualitative assessment of algae growth on the substrate surface was conducted. Both ozone treatments resulted in a visually discernible reduction in algae prevalence on the substrate surface. The results of this study do not support the removal of aqueous ozone (at the concentrations examined) prior to distribution when the solution is applied via drip irrigation in mineral wool hydroponic tomato production.     

Effects of Iron Deficiency on Thylakoid Membrane Structure and Composition in the Alga Dunaliella salina

Abstract

The unicellular green alga Dunaliella was previously proposed as a model photosynthetic organism for adaptation to iron deficiency. The purpose of this study was to find out how iron limitation affects the structure and composition of the photosynthetic system of Dunaliella salina. Iron deprivation did not retard proliferation of D. salina cells, but was associated with a decrease in cell volume and chlorophyll content, and with a four‐fold reduction in iron content and a two‐fold increase in Cu content. Electron microscopic analysis revealed shrinkage of the chloroplast and decrease in stacked thylakoid membranes. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence induction in the presence of DCMU and of 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra indicated gross changes in the photosynthetic efficiency of reaction centers and in the organization of their associated light harvesting antenna. Differential analysis of protein composition led to the identification of a major thylakoid membrane protein (Tidi), that was specifically induced under iron deprivation. Partial sequencing suggests that Tidi is a novel type of a chlorophyll a/b binding protein. These results clearly show that iron limitation is associated with extensive reorganization of the photosynthetic system in Dunaliella.     

2022年夏季汉江中下游水华生消驱动因子及其贡献率量化研究

2022年夏季，长江流域遭遇了罕见的“汛期反枯”极端水文事件，在此期间，汉江中下游首次发现了蓝藻水华。本研究选取叶绿素a浓度作为衡量水华的关键指标，基于偏最小二乘回归（Partial least squares regression，PLSR）量化了不同环境因子对2022年夏季汉江中下游（仙桃、宗关断面）水华生消的贡献率。结果表明：（1）仙桃和宗关断面叶绿素a浓度与溶解氧、pH值和水温均呈现出显著的正相关关系。溶解氧、pH值和水温对2022年夏季汉江中下游水华生消的贡献程度最高，三者对仙桃和宗关断面水华生消的贡献率分别为15.18%、13.68%、14.50%和18.06%、15.93%、15.65%。（2）基于偏最小二乘路径模型（Partial Least Squares Path Modeling，PLS-PM），本研究进一步解析了各环境因子对叶绿素a浓度变化的影响路径。结果表明气象因子是2022年夏季汉江中下游蓝藻水华暴发的诱导因子，高温无雨的极端天气导致水温和pH上升，加速了藻类的代谢反应速率。同时，河道流量减小延长了有机物和营养盐的传输和滞留时间，为藻类生长提供了稳定的营养条件。并且水华“萌发”时段可能与汉江中下游“涝旱急转”时段重叠。因此，本文建议下一步研究应结合准确的中长期气象预报信息，在“涝旱急转”时段实时优化汉江中下游水华防控调度的下泄流量与下泄时机，这将有可能大大提高水华防控的效率和效果。     

蓝藻介导磁聚物化学强化一级处理低浓度生活污水的研究

通过壳聚糖-超纯磁铁矿粉磁聚物对低浓度生活污水化学强化一级处理并利用磁场将絮体收集实验得出,引入蓝藻充当媒介,可使絮体大而密实,有助于水体污染物的去除。引入超纯磁铁矿粉,可使形成的絮体带有强磁性,便于借助外磁场快速移出水体,从而为固液分离提供一种新的工艺思路。     

地中海弧菌Vibrio mediterranei 117-T6的溶藻活性

很多藻类致病菌具有广谱溶藻活性。本研究发现紫菜黄斑病致病菌地中海弧菌Vibrio mediterranei 117-T6（Vm 117-T6）对赤潮异湾藻、颗石藻、叉编金藻和东海原甲藻等微藻也具有较强的溶藻活性，可使其叶绿素含量显著降低，是一株广谱性溶藻细菌。Vm 117-T6能在40 min内使赤潮异弯藻的活动能力下降，光合作用受抑，感染120 min即可导致藻体裂解并产生白色絮状沉淀。Vm 117-T6能降解卡拉胶，不能降解果胶、纤维素和几丁质。菌体、胞内及胞外提取物均具有较强的溶藻活性，其胞外溶藻物质易溶于水、不溶于石油醚和乙酸乙酯，具较强极性；耐高温、不易被活性炭吸附、乙醇处理会降低溶藻活性。Vm 117-T6在常规与易感条件下的关键差异蛋白包括大量的ABC转运蛋白、外膜蛋白、鞭毛蛋白及少量Toxin。这些研究结果提示Vm 117-T6毒力效应物中含有极性非蛋白质类物质，且与毒力因子转运、分泌以及细胞黏附相关的蛋白可能在其毒力作用中发挥重要作用。上述研究结果表明：多种溶藻机制参与了Vm 117-T6的溶藻过程。     

贵州岩下大鲵自然保护区藻类生态分布

通过对贵州岩下大鲵自然保护区藻类的生态分布情况进行调查，并且利用植物区系丰富性综合系数法对保护区内藻类植物的丰富性进行了评价。结果表明，绿藻和硅藻为保护区内优势种群，水塘和静水河中物种最丰富，该保护区内藻类的物种组成具有亚热带区系性质的特点，藻类丰富性相对贫乏。     

黑龙江省东部山区养渔业与森林生态环境的关系

为充分利用林区的自然资源,1986—1987年先后在帽儿山实验林场和依兰县先锋林场进行了养鱼试验,经过120天的饲养期,鱼产量在帽儿山为3094.5kg/ha,在先锋为1882.5kg/ha。 林区水资源丰富,水质稳定;水的pH值偏低,多为软水,水中营养盐类贫乏。用石灰清塘可使pH值由6.5升至8.3。施肥可促进浮游生物的增殖,藻类的优势种为隐藻,浮游动物为近邻剑水蚤。灯光诱虫既能使鲤鱼生长明显加快,又能除去部分森林害虫。林区水体污染较轻,故家养鱼类病害也较少。 在帽儿山、鱼的增重倍数为5.33,饵料系数为2.14;在先锋则分别为7.68和1.35。由于鲤鱼适应低温环境,所以长势较鲢鳙鱼为好。在帽儿山鲤鱼平均重0.31kg,在先锋则为0.40kg。 林区宜主养鲤鱼,也应放养草食和腐食性的鱼类,以充分利用水体中的生态位。     

Nutritional composition of rotifers following a change in diet from yeast and emulsified oil to microalgae

Rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, fed baker's yeast and a lipid emulsion (High DNA Super Selco, INVE Aquaculture NV Systems SA, Belgium), were harvested and fed Isochrysis galbana for 72 h, the nutrient composition was analysed during this period. The enrichment effect on the rotifers following transfer to I. galbana was most pronounced for ascorbic acid and thiamin. I. galbana seemed to contribute very little as a source of the lipid-soluble vitamins. Most of the minerals and trace elements were unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana, but Fe, Mn, As and Cd increased, Cu and Ni decreased whereas the effect on Cr and Mo were uncertain. The fatty acid composition of the rotifers changed towards the composition of I. galbana during the experimental period. Intermediate glycogen levels were measured in the rotifers at all sampling times. With the exception of lysine, serine and proline, all amino acid levels seemed to be unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana. This study showed that transfer of rotifers to microalgae (I. galbana) feeding had a positive effect on nutritional value. Macronutrients were maintained at adequate levels, and algal feeding improved the nutritional quality of rotifers with respect to water-soluble vitamins. Changes in rotifer nutrient composition are discussed in relation to nutritional requirements of fish larvae.