黄曲霉毒素限量标准对我国居民消费安全和花生产业的影响

2009-2010年对全国花生黄曲霉毒素污染进行了普查监测，根据检测结果，利用蒙特卡罗方法，开展了我国与CAC、欧盟、日本、澳大利亚和新西兰等国际组织和主要贸易国不同花生黄曲霉毒素限量对我国人群直接食用花生的致癌风险和对产业影响的研究。结果表明，不同花生黄曲霉毒素限量标准对我国人群摄入产后花生导致的原发性肝细胞癌年发生率影响差异不显著，但对经济和产业造成的影响差异显著。研究结果为制定我国花生黄曲霉毒素限量标准以及促进花生生产、贸易提供技术参考。     

几种多糖对黄曲霉菌生长及产毒的抑制作用

研究了香菇多糖、海带多糖、石耳素等10余种多糖对黄曲霉生长及产毒的抑制作用,发现海带多糖、香菇纤维素、马铃薯直链淀粉、A型大豆多糖能够明显降低黄曲霉菌丝产量;同时海带多糖、香菇纤维素、马铃薯直链淀粉、香菇多糖、绿豆多糖抑制了黄曲霉菌产毒,其中海带多糖、马铃薯直链淀粉、香菇纤维素、香菇多糖能够明显降低黄曲霉菌菌丝产毒能力。     

Low levels of Aflatoxin B1 could cause mortalities in juvenile hybrid sturgeon,Acipenser ruthenus ♂×A. baeri♀

Toxicity of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) was investigated in juvenile hybrid sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus ♂ × A. baeri♀, an important coldwater finfish farmed in China and other countries. Seven experimental diets (Diet A–G) containing different levels of AFB₁ (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg kg^?1 diet) were fed to juvenile sturgeon weighing 10.53 ± 0.17 g kg^?1 to determine its effect on survival, growth, feed consumption, hematocrit, liver histology as well as muscular and hepatic toxin accumulation. The experiment lasted for 35 days and was conducted in two periods of 25 and 10 days each. No external changes or unusual behaviour was observed in the fish fed diets with AFB₁. Mortality was observed in fish fed with highest levels of AFB₁ (80 μg kg^?1– Diet G) from day 12 onwards. After 25 days, fish fed the diet of 80 μg AFB₁ kg^?1 showed significant lower survival (50 ± 5.77%) followed by those fed 40 μg AFB₁ kg^?1 diet (80 ± 5.77%) and 20 μg AFB₁ kg^?1 diet (86.66 ± 3.33%). No significant difference was observed in specific growth rate (SGR) or hepatosomatic index (HSI) between groups. Hematocrit was significantly higher in the fish fed the diet of highest AFB₁. The fish were weighed at day 25 in some treatments (Diets F and G) because of high mortality. However, feeding was continued for another 10 days to observe mortality or behavioural changes if any in the other groups. After 35 days, survival in the fish fed Diet F (40 μg AFB₁ kg^?1) was 40% and those fed Diet E (20 μg AFB₁ kg^?1) was 36.2%. Significant histopathological changes including nuclear hypertrophy, hyperchromasia, extensive biliary hyperplasia, focal hepatocyte necrosis and presence of inflammatory cells were observed in the liver of fish fed high levels of aflatoxin (40 and 80 μg kg^?1). AFB₁ accumulation in fish muscle and liver increased with increased dietary AFB₁ levels. It could be confirmed that 10 μg AFB₁ kg^?1 diet was the maximum allowable level in hybrid sturgeon diet.     

Effect of harvesting time on nut quality of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars

The appropriate time of harvest is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of pistachio. Cultivars ‘Ahmad-Aghaii’, ‘Kaleh-Ghoochi’, ‘Ohadi’ and ‘Badami-Zarand’ were evaluated for qualitative indices of nut over a period of four years from 2001 to 2004. Nut samples were collected during eight successive weeks from 23 August to 11 October. Splitting, early splitting, hull cracking and hulling percentage continually increased toward the last harvest week while non-splitting, immaturity, number of nuts per ounce and moisture content decreased during the harvest weeks. The increment of splitting and the number of nuts per ounce was not significant from 20 September to the last week of harvest. Early splitting, hull cracking and aflatoxin contamination of kernel progressively increased from 13 September. Total crude fat and sugar contents showed a peak in the middle of September. The concentration of aflatoxins prior or at maturity stage of selected cultivars was lower than the critical level. In general, the appropriate time of harvest for the cultivars studied is the middle of September to avoid contamination of nuts to aflatoxin and to ensure the nut quality. This study emphasizes different quality indices for determining the optimum harvest time of pistachio crop.     

抗黄曲霉毒素单链抗体基因的克隆与表达

为降低黄曲霉毒素大量样品的制备成本，在实验室已有的抗黄曲霉毒素单克隆抗体8F6的基础上，成功克隆得到了该单克隆抗体的重链（VH）和轻链可变区（VL）基因片段。通过重叠延伸PCR的方法将轻、重链可变区基因连接,并引入连接肽(Linker) 编码序列，构建VH-Linker-VL结构的单链抗体(ScFv)基因, 并将该基因克隆到噬菌体表达载体pCANTAB 5E 上，使单链抗体以噬菌体展示形式在大肠杆菌TG1 中表达。间接竞争ELISA方法检测到该ScFv对黄曲霉毒素B1的抑制率（IC50）值为0.57ng/mL，表明该单链抗体与亲本鼠单抗有相同的抗原结合特异性,且具有很高灵敏度。     

Probiotic preparation reduces the faecal water genotoxicity in chickens fed with aflatoxin B1 contaminated fodder

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of a probiotic preparation on the genotoxicity of faecal water of broiler chickens fed with a fodder contaminated with aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) at 1 or 5 mg per kg. Human blood lymphocytes were exposed to chicken’s faecal water samples and DNA damage was measured using the comet assay. Genotoxicity of faecal water did not depend on the AFB₁ concentration in the fodder. The mean DNA damage, measured as the percentage of DNA in the tail of the comets, for chickens fed with fodder with AFB₁ at 1 mg/kg was 16.80 ± 0.66, at 5 mg/kg – 16.73 ± 1.51 and in the controls – 12.79 ± 0.66. The supplementation of fodder with the probiotic preparation decreased the extent of DNA damage to 10.02 ± 0.39 for 1 mg/kg AFB₁ and to 11.89 ± 0.72 for 5 mg/kg.     

Studies on the Toxicity of Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Fed Diets Dosed with Aflatoxin B1 to Humans

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the potential for transmission of aflatoxin B₁ to humans through consumption of shrimp contaminated with this toxin. Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) were fed diets dosed with three levels of afaltoxin B₁ (300, 400, and 900 ppb) in an 8 week indoor aquarium feeding trial. The shrimp were analyzed for residues of the toxin in the feces, whole shrimp and tail muscle after concentrating the aflatoxin by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography, followed by radioimmunoassay. Aflatoxin B₁ was not detected in shrimp feces, whole shrimp or tail muscle within detection limits of 2 ppb. Our study suggests that the possibilities for aflatoxin B₁ toxicity occurring in humans via consumption of shrimp fed on diets contaminated with this toxin are limited.     

同时检测AFB_1和ZEA免疫层析试纸条的研制

采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金,将其与抗AFB1和ZEA单克隆抗体进行偶联,并把偶联物、AFB1-STI、ZEA-OVA以及硝酸纤维素膜(NC膜)等组装成免疫层析试纸条,同时进行检测条件的最优化设计。胶体金偶联AFB1和ZEA抗体最适pH同为7.0,最适抗体浓度分别为5.0和2.5μg.mL-1,NC膜上包被AFB1-STI和ZEA-OVA的浓度分别1.0和2.0mg.mL-1,为该方法可同时定性检测样品中AFB1和ZEA,其最低检测限分别达到5μg.kg-1和50μg.kg-1;与黄曲霉毒素M1、脱氧血腐镰刀菌烯醇的交叉反应率小于1%。该试纸条具有可同时检测两种真菌毒素的特点,适用于同一样品中多种毒素的快速检测。     

高特异性黄曲霉毒素B1单克隆抗体的 制备及特性研究

本研究将黄曲霉毒素B1转化为其半缩醛B2a，在硼氢化钠（NaBH4）还原作用下与载体蛋白偶联制备完全抗原。将制备的完全抗原免疫Balb/c小鼠，经4次免疫后取其脾脏与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞Sp2/0细胞融合，采用半固体培养基筛选后鉴定，获得杂交瘤细胞株3A12，抗体的灵敏度可达6.1±0.025ng/mL，抗体与其它黄曲霉毒素B2、G1及G2的交叉反应率依次为7.8%、20.2%及0.6%，与黄曲霉毒素M1交叉反应率小于0.1%。为研发花生等农产品黄曲霉毒素B1特异性免疫分析技术及产品奠定了重要基础。     

猪霉麦中毒和霉麦无害化处理的研究

对1983年嫩江地区某地猪喂霉麦引起的中毒进行了系统研究。通过霉菌菌相、菌量分析,明确了霉麦的优势菌为黄曲霉菌;通过流行病学调查、优势菌的产毒试验、毒素的化学确证试验、当日鸭雏的生物学确证试验以及猪的回归试验等,证明黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFT B_1)是造成猪短期内大批死亡的原因。同时,进行了霉麦无害化处理试验,初步证明用0.02％次氯酸钠处理具有杀菌、除毒效果可靠等特点。