黄河三角洲贝壳堤放线菌多样性及抑菌活性

研究旨在揭示黄河三角洲贝壳堤放线菌多样性,以便从中寻找新的具有生物防治功能的微生物资源。采用3种分离培养基,利用稀释平板涂布法对贝壳堤土壤样品进行分离;通过形态特征、生理生化实验及16S rDNA基因测序对放线菌进行了分类鉴定。结果表明分离到的174株放线菌分属于10个科,13个属,其中链霉菌属(42%)和拟诺卡氏菌(11%)为优势菌属。16S rDNA基因分析表明,61%的菌株与已知菌的相似性都在99%以下,其中菌株BK-17的16S rDNA序列与同源性最近的菌株相似率仅为95.2%。以2株细菌和5株植物病原真菌作为指示菌,进行了抑菌活性测定,有94株至少对1种指示菌有抑菌作用,有8株对7种指示菌都有很强的拮抗作用。以上研究结果表明黄河三角洲贝壳堤土壤中存在丰富的放线菌资源,存在很多潜在的新菌种和活性菌株,有进一步研究和开发的价值。     

土壤微生物对棕壤不同容重的响应

以棕壤为试验材料,通过盆栽的方法研究采自不同土层土样及不同容重土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌在玉米不同生育期的变化规律。结果表明,耕层与梨底层土样都是随着玉米生长发育,真菌、细菌、放线菌的数量逐渐增多,在吐丝期达到最大,然后逐渐下降;细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量随土层深度及容重增加逐渐减少;耕层土样中3种菌在对应时间与层次比梨底层土样显著偏高(P<0.01),梨底层土样在不同层次变异较小。     

杨梅属植物共生结瘤固氮研究进展

杨梅属35个种中有28个种能与Frankia放线菌共生结瘤固氮。根据有关文献从杨梅属植物共生固氮根瘤及其内生放线菌的形态结构、杨梅属植物根瘤内生放线菌的分类地位、杨梅属植物共生固氮放线菌的生理生化特性、环境条件对杨梅属植物根瘤共生固氮的影响以及分子生物学方法在杨梅属植物根瘤共生固氮放线菌中的应用等方面作了较为详细的阐述。     

放线菌发酵产物对烟蚜的毒力研究

3个放线菌菌株 (3 1-1、3 0 -2、45 -A1)的发酵产物对烟蚜的毒力测定结果表明 :所测菌株对烟蚜均有毒力 ,施药后 2 4h ,菌株 3 1-1对烟蚜的毒力最强 ,LC50 为 0 .0 44 7mg/ml;而菌株 45 -A1毒力最弱 ,LC50 为 0 .0 92 3mg/ml。生物测定结果显示 :施药后 4h ,3个菌株的发酵产物对烟蚜的致死效果差异不显著 ,但施药后 2 4h ,菌株 3 1-1的校正死亡率达 82 .9% ,而菌株 45 -A1的校正死亡率只有 48.7%。     

Changes in soil microbial community composition in response to fertilization of paddy soils in subtropical China

Repeated fertilizer applications to cultivated soils may alter the composition and activities of microbial communities in terrestrial agro-ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the effects of different long term fertilization practices (control (CK), three levels of mineral fertilizer (N₁P₁K₁, N₂P₂K₂, and N₃P₃K₃), and organic manure (OM)) on soil environmental variables and microbial communities by using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers analysis in subtropical China. Study showed that OM treatment led to increases in soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents, while the mineral fertilizer treatment led to increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. Changes in soil microbial communities (eg. bacteria, actinomycetes) were more noticeable in soils subjected to organic manure applications than in the control soils or those treated with mineral fertilizer applications. Fungal PLFA biomarkers responded differently from the other PLFA groups, the numerical values of fungal PLFA biomarkers were similar for all the OM and mineral fertilizer treatments. PCA analysis showed that the relative abundance of most PLFA biomarkers increased in response to OM treatment, and that increased application rates of the mineral fertilizer changed the composition of one small fungal PLFA biomarker group (namely 18:3ω6c and 16:1ω5c). Further, from the range of soil environmental factors that we examined, SOC, TN and TP were the key determinants affecting soil microbial community. Our results suggest that organic manure should be recommended to improve soil microbial activity in subtropical agricultural ecosystems, while increasing mineral fertilizer applications alone will not increase microbial growth in paddy soils.     

人参锈腐病拮抗放线茵的鉴定及发酵条件

从人参田土壤中筛选到1株对人参锈腐病菌(Cylindrocarpon destructans)有较强拮抗作用的菌株1a-3,通过形态特征、培养特性、生理生化特性、细胞壁组分分析和16S rDNA同源性序列分析,确定该菌株为链霉菌属灰产色链霉菌(Streptomyces griseochromogenes).经单因子和各...     

Contrasting plant–microbe interrelations on soil Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and pyrene degradation by three dicotyledonous plant species

Plants and associated microbial communities can actively participate in the biodegradation of organic pollution. Potexperiments were conducted to explore the plant–microbe interrelations on Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and pyrene degradation in a soil culture system. Three dicotyledonous plant species, Ceylon spinach (Gynuracusimbua (D. Don) S. Moore), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and Shuidong mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.var. foliosa Bailey), were cultivated for 45 days in DEHP and pyrene co-contaminated soils using three initial content levels: 0 (T₀), 20 (T₂₀) and 50 mg?kg^?1 (T₅₀) with no plants (NP) as control. The results demonstrated that Shuidong mustard biomass and sunflower biomass had significantly positive correlations with the removal rate of DEHP (P?.05), respectively, while Ceylon spinach biomass has no significant correlation with the removal rate of DEHP. Shuidong mustard–actinomycetes and Ceylon spinach–actinomycetes accelerated the removal rate of pyrene, and sunflower–gram-positive bacteria could also enhance the removal rate of pyrene. Our results suggest that a better understanding of plant–microbe interrelations could be exploited to enhance the phytoremediation of organic co-contaminated soils.     

纤维素酶产生菌的分离及酶学性质研究

[目的]从自然界分离纯化产纤维素酶的放线菌,并测定影响该菌酶活的因素。[方法]利用刚果红变色圈法从特定土壤中分离出产纤维素酶最高的单菌落,通过对其菌落形态及菌丝观察,判断其为放线菌,命名为A1。用DNS分光光度法研究,不同因素对其所产纤维素酶活力的影响情况。[结果]该菌在50℃,pH值5的条件时,酶活性较高,且适量添加Mg2＋、Fe3＋能明显激活酶活,而微量的Ag＋,Cu2＋能抑制酶活。     

放线菌产纤维素酶的化学修饰

[目的]提高纤维素酶的使用价值。[方法]首先通过对放线菌进行活化、选择及液体发酵生产纤维素酶,经离心后得到粗酶液。然后利用不同浓度的甲醇、聚乙二醇(PEG)、乙酰丙酮、巯基乙醇(ME)4种修饰剂对纤维素酶进行化学修饰。最后分别测定了修饰前后的酶活力,并进行比较。[结果]与修饰前相比,乙酰丙酮和ME修饰后的酶活力基本不变,但甲醇和PEG的修饰导致酶活力明显降低。[结论]乙酰丙酮和ME的修饰对纤维素酶活性中心影响较小,而甲醇和PEG的修饰对纤维素酶的活性中心影响较大。     

Electron paramagnetic resonance and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic evidence for copper porphyrin in actinomycete melanins

The coordination chemistry of iron (III) (Fe³⁺) and copper (II) (Cu²⁺) in melanins synthesized by seven actinomycetes isolated from Brazilian latosol soils under savanna (cerrado) vegetation was investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The EPR spectra indicated the presence of Cu²⁺ ions bound to oxygenated and nitrogenous functional groups, and rhombic coordinated Fe³⁺ ions. In some of the actinomycete melanins the EPR hyperfine splitting of Cu⁺² ion complexes was well resolved, and indicated four magnetically equivalent nitrogen atoms in a plane. This result suggested the presence of Cu⁺² porphyrin complexes, which was confirmed by Soret bands in the 400-nm region of the UV-Vis spectra. The concentration of Mn in actinomycete melanins, determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, was lower than those of Cu and Fe. Received: 9 April 1997