保护性耕作对黄土高原旱作麦田土壤氮矿化的影响

农田土壤氮矿化是陆地生态系统氮循环的重要过程,对维持土壤供氮能力及作物生长发育具有重要意义。陇中黄土高原半干旱区是我国西北部重要的粮食生产区,如何实现当地旱作农田氮素高效利用一直是研究热点,然而目前关于该地区不同耕作措施对旱作麦田土壤氮矿化的影响规律我们却知之甚少。为此本文以黄土高原旱作麦田为研究对象,于2021年春小麦生育期(3—8月)采用树脂芯原位培养法监测不同耕作措施[传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖(TS)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)]对土壤氮矿化的影响特征,通过分析不同耕作措施对土壤氮素含量和水热条件的影响规律,以此来探究耕作措施对土壤氮矿化过程的影响。结果表明：(1)T、NT、TS和NTS处理下土壤氮素在春小麦生育前期(播前-开花期)呈净氮固持状态、中后期(开花期-成熟期)呈净氮矿化状态。不同耕作措施下土壤净氮矿化速率差异显著(P<0.05),呈现为NTS>TS>NT>T。(2)相较T处理,3种保护性耕作在春小麦生育期内增加了土壤全氮、NH₄⁺-N含量和土壤水分,减少了NO₃     

添加水对半干旱区沙质草地土壤氮有效性季节变化的影响(英文)

Water is usally thought of a limiting factor for the restoration of semi-arid ecosystem. In the growing season of 2006, a study was conducted to determine the effects of modeling precipitation on seasonal patterns in concentrations of soil-available nitrogen and to describe the seasonal patterns in soil nitrogen availability and seasonal variation in the rates of net nitrogen mineralization of topsoil at Daqinggou ecological station in Keerqin sand lands, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Manipulation of water (80 mm) was designed to be added to experiment plots of sandy grasslands in dry season. Water addition (W) treatment and control (CK) treatment were separately taken in six replications and randomly assigned in 12 plots (4 m×4 m for each) with 2-m buffers betweens. Results showed that the content of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rate were not affected by adding water in sandy grassland of Keerqin sand lands. Net nitrogen mineralization rates ranged from 0.5 μg·g-1·month-1 to 4 μg·g-1·month-1. The highest values of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization occurred on October 15 in control plots. The seasonal changes of soil inorganic nitrogen contents exhibited "V" shape pattern that was related to seasonal patterns of soil ammonium-N (ascending trend) and nitrate-N transformation (descending trend).     

有机物料还田对夏玉米田土壤氮素形态、转化及利用的影响

为探究不同有机物料还田对土壤氮素转化与利用的影响,通过田间定位试验,在夏玉米季不同生育时期以无机肥(CF)为对照,测定秸秆(ST)、猪粪(PM)和沼渣(BR)3种有机物料等氮量还田处理的土壤全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮以及微生物量氮以及玉米产量等指标,并通过室内培养测定不同物料还田的土壤净氮矿化速率。结果表明:从对土壤总量影响来看,添加3种有机物料均能不同程度地增加土壤全氮含量,成熟期PM、BR和ST处理分别比CF提高16.62%、9.14%和8.60%。从氮素形态来看,PM处理可以提高土壤硝态氮含量,在玉米扬花期和成熟期分别提高37.05%和75.86%;BR处理可以提高土壤铵态氮含量,在整个玉米生育期土壤铵态氮提高16.83%。3种有机物料还田均可提高土壤微生物量氮,ST、PM和BR分别比CF高出15.76%、14.84%和17.85%。从不同有机物料还田的土壤氮矿化速率来看,PM和BR处理可显著提高土壤氮矿化速率,分别比CF高出33.53%和12.93%,ST处理的土壤氮矿化速率最低(0.03~1.06 mg/(kg·d))。就产量与氮肥吸收而言,PM处理玉米产量比ST处理提高8.10%,PM和BR处理氮肥吸收效率均显著高于CF和ST处理。3种有机物料还田均可提高土壤全氮水平,但在土壤氮素形态和氮矿化速率上有差异。在3种有机物料处理中,沼渣处理最有利于增加土壤无机氮含量,猪粪处理对于促进土壤氮矿化效果最佳,秸秆则显著减弱了土壤中氮的矿化速率。综上,猪粪和沼渣还田在提高土壤供氮能力、促进氮矿化与促进氮肥吸收上均显著优于秸秆,猪粪还田有利于提高玉米产量。     

相同气候背景下南北方稻田土壤上水稻生长及氮响应差异研究

【目的】土壤是影响作物产量和氮肥吸收利用的因素之一,深入研究南北方稻田土壤对水稻生长及氮效率的影响,以期为调控区域水稻高产优质提供参考。【方法】2018—2019年,以黑龙江省黑土型水稻土,江苏省乌栅土型水稻土为试验材料,在黑龙江省哈尔滨市进行水稻盆栽试验。每种土壤设置3个施氮水平,即N0：不施氮肥;N1：0.87 g N/pot（相当于150 kg N·hm^-2）;N2：1.74 g N/pot（相当于300 kg N·hm^-2）。测定水稻分蘖、SPAD值、分蘖成穗率、土壤矿化氮量、水稻产量和氮效率。【结果】黑土型水稻土的早期分蘖对施氮有响应,分蘖数随施氮量增加而增加,而乌栅土型水稻土的分蘖在拔节期后才对施氮有响应。土壤对水稻分蘖的影响存在年际间差异,2018年土壤类型对分蘖数有显著影响,不施氮时乌栅土型水稻土的分蘖数比黑土型水稻土高4.41%—43.04%,而施氮后乌栅土型水稻土比黑土型水稻土的分蘖数低8.25%—12.98%;2019年黑土型水稻土的分蘖数多数高于乌栅土型水稻土4.41%—46.53%。两种水稻土的分蘖成穗率与叶片SPAD值在2018年有显著差异,乌栅土型水稻土的叶片SPAD值比黑土型水稻土高19.28%—21.19%,乌栅土型水稻土的分蘖成穗率比黑土型水稻土高23.89%—40.53%,2019年土壤类型对水稻分蘖成穗率与叶片SPAD值均无显著影响。28 d淹水培养试验表明,两种土壤的无机氮总量基本相同,乌栅土型水稻土的初始矿化速率比黑土型水稻土高,但后期矿化速率比黑土型水稻土低,黑土型水稻土的矿化势更高,有更大的矿化潜力。黑土型水稻土的AE_N（氮肥农学效率）比乌栅土型水稻土高,而乌栅土型水稻土的PFP_N（氮肥偏生产力）比黑土型水稻土高,乌栅土型水稻土的Y₀/Nr（Y₀为无肥区产量,Nr为施氮量）更高,供氮与施氮更加协调。2018年黑土型水稻土的RE_N（氮肥吸收利用率）和PE_N（氮肥生理利用率）均显著高于乌栅土型水稻土,2019年土壤类型对RE_N和PE_N无显著影响。【结论】土壤差异不是南北方稻田氮效率差异的决定性因素,氮效率差异是土壤、气候和品种等因素共同作用的结果。相对于黑土型水稻土而言,前期养分供应能力强的乌栅土型水稻土应减施基、蘖肥,适当增施穗肥,以保证后期供氮促进水稻高产。     

高寒草地不同利用方式对植被生物量和土壤氮矿化的影响

研究了天然草地、恢复草地和人工燕麦3种不同草地利用方式植被生物量与土壤氮矿化的变化。结果表明：3种土地利用方式,地上生物量大小依次为恢复草地〉燕麦〉天然草地,分别为424.02,381.72和307.26g/m^2,地下生物量主要集中在0-10cm土层,为天然草地〉恢复草地〉燕麦,总生物量地下地上比的大小也是天然草地〉恢复草地〉燕麦;植物种类及扰动大小是3种草地利用方式生物量差异的主要原因。随草地利用方式变化,植被构成、生物量发生变化,土壤氮素矿化作用也随之改变。3种草地利用方式,土壤净氮矿化速率大小为恢复草地〉天然草地〉燕麦。土壤氮矿化以硝化作用为主,硝态氮是形成生物量的有效氮素。天然草地的地下生物量最大,与其土壤净硝化速率最高有关,燕麦的土壤净氮矿化速率为负值,为植物生长提供的氮素较少,使其生物量最小。     

氨固定对土壤微生物生物量氮矿化测定的影响

Two soils with relatively high(Soil 1)and low(Soil 2) ammonium fixation capacities were used in this study to examiune the effect of ammonium fixation on the determination of N mineralized from soil microbial biomass.Organism suspension was quantitatively introduced to Soil 1 at various rates.Both fumigation-incubation (FI) and fumigation-extraction (FE) methods were used to treat the soil.The amount of fixed NH4^ increased with increasing rate of organism-N addition.A close correlation was found between the amount of fixed ammonium and th rate of organism-m addition.The net increases of fixed NH4^ -N were equivalent to 38% and 12% of the added organism-N for FI and FE treatments,rspectively,in this specific soil.To provide isotopic evidence,^15N-labelled organism-N was added to Soils 1 and 2 at 121.4 mg N kg^-1.In FI treatment,22 and 3mg N kg^-1 of labelled N were found in the fraction of fixed NH4^ -N in Soile 1 and 2 respectively;while in FE treatment,9 mg N kg^-1 of labelled N was found in the fraction of fixed NH4^ -N in Soil 1 only.There was no labelled N in the fraction of fixed NH4^ -N in Soil 2.In all of the unfumigated (check) soils,there was little or no labelled N in the fixed fractions,probably because the organism-N added was easily mineralized and nitrified.A mean of 0.64 for KN value,the fraction of N mineralized in the killed microbial biomass,as obtained with inclusion of the net increase of fixed NH4^ -N,The corresponding value calculated with exclusion of the net increase of ficed NH4^ -N was 0.46 ,It was concluded that ammonium fixation was a problem in deterination of KN,particularly for soils with a high ammonium fixation capacity, Results also showed that microbial biomass N measurement by FFE method was less affected by ammonium process than that by FI method.     

长期处于植被条件下香港土壤中氮的矿化

This research examined nitrogen mineralization in the top 10 cm of soils with a vegetation gradient in Hong Kong at sites where fire has been absent for 0, 1, 3, 6 and 17 years (at the time of the study), and the relationships between N mineralization and successional development of vegetation in the absence of fire. The sites including a newly burnt area (S1), short grassland (S2), tall grassland (S3), mixed tall grassland and shrubland (S4), and woodland (S5) were selected, with the in situ core incubation method used to estimate nitrogen mineralization. Throughout the 60-day incubation in four periods, more nitrogen was mineralized at the S3 and S4 sites, the predominantly grassland sites, which contained the highest levels of soil organic matter (SOM) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), than the S1 site, while immobilization occurred at the S2 and S5 sites. Leaching loss decreased with successional development of the vegetation, in the order of S1 > S2 > S3 > S4 > S5. The pattern of nitrogen uptake with ecological succession was less conspicuous, being complicated by the immediate effect of fire and possibly the ability of the woodland species to extract nitrogen from the deeper ground. In the absence of fire for 3 to 6 years, the build-up of SOM and TKN was accompanied by active mineralization, thus paving the way for the invasion of shrub and tree species. A close relationship existed between nitrogen mineralization and ecological succession with this vegetation gradient. Inherent mechanisms to preserve nitrogen in a fire-prone environment including immobilization and uptake and the practical relevance of nitrogen mineralization to reforestation are discussed.     

施肥对热带雨林下种植砂仁土壤氮矿化和硝化作用的影响

采用封顶埋管法(Close-TopIncubation)研究了施肥后西双版纳热带雨林下种植砂仁土壤的氮素净氨化、净硝化和净矿化速率。结果表明,种植砂仁的热带雨林土壤有机氮的净氨化、硝化和矿化速率明显受外来无机氮的影响,施入铵态氮肥后,土壤中的氨化速率明显提高(P<0.01),由对照土壤的-0.66(mg·kg-1·30d-1)增加至施肥处理土壤的1.65(mg·kg-1·30d-1),但硝化速率和矿化速率却显著降低(P<0.01),分别由对照土壤的6.79(mg·kg-1·30d-1)和6.13(mg·kg-1·30d-1)减少至施肥处理土壤的2.60(mg·kg-1·30d-1)和4.25(mg·kg-1·30d-1),导致了土壤中NH4+-N的积累。     

长期施肥对水稻土有机氮组分及氮素矿化特性的影响

以湖南省3个国家级稻田土壤肥力变化长期定位监测点(新化、宁乡和桃江)的土壤为对象,研究了20年不同土壤培肥方式(不施肥、单施化肥、化肥配施中量/高量猪粪和化肥配施秸秆)对土壤全氮、有机氮组分及氮素矿化的影响.结果显示,与不施肥相比,单施化肥对土壤全氮的影响在新化和宁乡点均不显著,但化肥配施猪粪或秸秆在三个试验点均显著提高了土壤全氮、碱解氮和微生物量氮的含量.总体来看,长期施肥能够提高土壤有机氮各组分的含量,并提高氨基糖氮和氨基酸氮在全氮中的占比,但不同类型肥料施入后对有机氮组分的影响因试验点的不同而异,这可能是不同试验点土壤理化性质差异导致的.相关分析显示土壤酸解有机氮组分与氮矿化势极显著相关,且在三个监测点,有机物配施化肥的处理土壤氮矿化势均高于单施化肥处理.研究表明,虽然土壤性质上的差异可能导致土壤氮组分对施肥措施的响应不同,但有机无机肥配施提高土壤供氮潜力的效果均优于单施化肥.