Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance,whole body composition and fatty acid composition of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

We evaluated the effects of dietary lipid levels on the growth, whole body composition and fatty acid composition of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Triplicate groups of 120 juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio (average weight: 2.05 g) were fed four isonitrogenic diets formulated with lipid levels of 1.4% (low), 6.1% (control), 11.6% (medium) and 21.1% (high) for 60 days. Weight gain in the 11.6% lipid group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio decreased and protein efficiency ratio increased (P > 0.05) as dietary lipid levels increased. N‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were not detected in faeces. The whole body lipid contents of 11.6% and 21.1% lipid level groups were significantly higher than that of the 1.4% and 6.1% lipid level groups (P < 0.05). The content of whole body n‐3 PUFA in the 21.1% lipid level group enhanced significantly (P < 0.05). The whole body contents of eicosapntemacnioc acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the 21.1% lipid level group were the highest (P < 0.05). These results indicated that high dietary lipid levels (21.1%) inhibit weight gain and promoted fat and n‐3 PUFA deposition in juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio, which led to liver damage. A dietary lipid level of 11.6% was determined to be optimal for growth performance of juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio.     

Cloning of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and the effects of dietary lipid levels on LPL expression in GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important aquaculture species. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is considered as a key enzyme in lipid metabolism and deposition. The present study was conducted to investigate the nutritional regulation of LPL in GIFT. We cloned and characterized the LPL gene from GIFT. Finally, we determined the effects of dietary lipid levels and refeeding on hepatic LPL gene expression in GIFT. The LPL gene of GIFT (Oreochromis niloticus) (O.nLPL) was 2,298 bp in length and encoded 515 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that O.nLPL shared 57.3–87.9 % identity with LPLs from other piscine species. To study LPL expression patterns, juveniles GIFT were fed diets containing 3.7, 7.7 or 16.6 % crude lipid for 90 days and the expression of hepatic O.nLPL was examined using real-time PCR. The abundance of hepatic LPL mRNA increased with increasing dietary lipid. The expression of O.nLPL mRNA in the 16.6 % dietary lipid group was significantly higher than that of the 3.7 % lipid group (P < 0.05). The expression of O.nLPL was increased in GIFT following a 48-h fast and decreased 12 h after refeeding. Hepatic LPL mRNA returned to fasting levels 48 h after refeeding. In summary, high dietary lipid induced expression of liver O.nLPL, and expression of liver LPL is regulated by fasting and refeeding.     

沿海滩涂异育银鲫养殖池塘真核浮游生物群落DNA指纹结构与理化因子的关系

为研究沿海滩涂异育银鲫养殖池塘浮游生物群落周年变化及其与理化因子的关系,2011年每月采集养殖池塘水样,测定相关理化因子。采用18s rDNA PCR-DGGE技术对真核浮游生物群落多样性进行了分析。运用CCA方法分析了真核浮游生物与理化因子的关系。结果表明:TP含量为0.17~1.12 mg/L,7月出现峰值。PO4-P含量为0.04~0.30 mg/L,7月和8月较高。NO2-N含量为0.02~0.57 mg/L,12月最高。NH+4-N含量为0.20~2.37 mg/L,5月出现峰值。NO3-N含量为0.04~10.47 mg/L,11月出现峰值。DGGE结果显示,1—12月共有73条谱带,平均每月谱带数为24.67。5月、6月、8月和9月份多样性指数较高。谱带匹配后聚类分析表明:除3月、7月和11月份外,真核浮游生物变化具有季节性,其中8月、9月和10月聚为一支,4月、5月和6月聚为一支,1月、2月和12月聚为一支。CCA分析表明,温度、TP和NH+4-N与真核浮游生物群落结构组成显著相关,为养殖生态调控和养殖模式优化提供理论依据。     

罗氏沼虾不同养殖模式对水体浮游生物的影响

通过围隔实验比较罗氏沼虾不同养殖模式对水体浮游生物的影响。实验设置6种养殖模式:罗氏沼虾单养(MP)、罗氏沼虾+浮萍(水面覆盖率5%)(PP)、罗氏沼虾+鲢(PF)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+鲢(PMF)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+浮萍(PMP)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+浮萍+鲢(PMPF)。养殖64 d后,测定不同模式中浮游植物和三大类浮游动物(轮虫、枝角类及桡足类)的种类和数量。结果显示,上述6种模式中浮游植物共同优势种有4种,但优势度指数最大的浮游植物不同,MP组是锥囊藻属,有浮萍的PP和PMP组均为细小平裂藻,混养鲢的PF、PMF和PMPF组均为针杆藻。不同养殖模式无共同的浮游动物优势种。养殖模式对浮游生物密度具有显著影响,PF组浮游植物密度最高,MP组浮游植物密度最低,PF组浮游植物密度比MP、PP和PMP组分别高78%、53%和61%。相反,浮游动物密度MP组最高,PF组最低。混养鲢的PF、PMF和PMPF组浮游动物密度显著低于其他3组。研究表明,罗氏沼虾养殖中混养鲢可增加浮游植物密度而降低浮游动物密度,浮萍和鲢影响池塘优势种。     

Effects of density on growth,body composition and antioxidant indicators of Perinereis aibuhitensis and total nitrogen in sediments

Perinereis aibuhitensis is a marine polychaete living in intertidal zones that has important economic values. The present study investigated the effects of density on growth, body component and indices of antioxidant status of P. aibuhitensis as well as content of total nitrogen in sediments. When density was above 600 ind/m², specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio both decreased, suggesting that the optimal density ranged from 400 to 600 ind/m². Survivorship and content of crude protein of P. aibuhitensis significantly decreased at densities above 700 ind/m². At densities above 700 ind/m², activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) as well as contents of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) were significantly up‐regulated, suggesting oxidative stresses to clamworms, which might explain the reduced survivorship. Moreover, total nitrogen content in sediment per kilogram of P. aibuhitensis significantly increased at density above 600 ind/m², suggesting that high density resulted in the extra release of N to the environment, which might pollute the habitats and become toxic to clamworms.     

饲料脂肪水平对吉富罗非鱼体脂沉积及脂肪酸组成的影响

研究了饲料脂肪水平对吉富罗非鱼(Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia,GIFT)的部分形体指标、肌肉肝脏及腹腔脂肪组织的脂肪沉积及脂肪酸组成的影响,同时探讨了鱼体对饲料脂肪酸的吸收利用能力.实验设置饲料脂肪水平分别为1.73%,3.71%,5.69%,7.67%,9.64%,16.55%共6个梯度组,每组3个重复,饲养90 d.结果显示:5.69%,7.67%及9.64%脂肪组吉富罗非鱼肥满度较高1.73%和16.55%脂肪组的肝体指数显著高于其他实验组(P<0.05);除了1.73%脂肪组,其他各组中饲料脂肪水平越高,鱼体的脏体指数越高.7.67%脂肪组吉富罗非鱼肌肉脂肪含量显著高于3.71%组(P<0.05),同时显著低于16.55%组(P<0.05),但是其肝脏中脂肪含量与其他各组差异均不显著(P>0.05);饲料脂肪水平越高,鱼体的脂肪含量越高,同时不饱和脂肪酸在总脂肪酸中的比例越高.结果表明,饲料脂肪水平影响吉富罗非鱼的部分形体指标,尤其对肝脏形态的影响较为明显.饲料中过多的脂肪容易在肌肉和肝脏组织中沉积,同时鱼体的脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成能够反映饲料的脂肪水平和脂肪酸组成.本研究旨在为饲料脂肪水平的合理设置及脂肪营养对脂肪代谢的调控提供参考.     

吉富罗非鱼FAS基因的克隆及再投喂和饲料脂肪水平对其表达的影响

分离、克隆了吉富罗非鱼脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)基因的部分cDNA片段,共557bp,编码185个氨基酸,序列分析表明吉富罗非鱼FAS与其他物种的相似性为62%～82%。为了研究饲料中脂肪对吉富罗非鱼FAS活性和表达的影响,设置3组含不同脂肪含量的等氮饲料组(3.71%组、7.67%组和16.55%组),饲养90d,禁食48h,测定吉富罗非鱼肝脏中FAS的生物活性,使用实时荧光定量PCR分别测定了饲喂3.71%组、7.67%组和16.55%组饲料的吉富罗非鱼肝脏和肌肉中FASmRNA的表达丰度以及再投喂后6、12、24、48h肝脏中FASmRNA的表达丰度。结果显示,饲料脂肪水平对肝脏中FAS活性无显著影响(P>0.05);肝脏中FASmRNA的表达丰度显著高于肌肉(P<0.05),肝脏和肌肉中FASmRNA的表达丰度随着饲料中脂肪水平增加而显著下降(P<0.05);再次投喂后6～48h,各个组的肝脏中FASmRNA表达丰度显著下降(P<0.05)。结果说明,吉富罗非鱼肝脏中FASmRNA的表达丰度高于肌肉,饲料脂肪水平能够抑制FASmRNA表达,脂肪水平越高抑制作用越明显...     

不同养殖模式下罗氏沼虾肠道菌群结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

通过高通量测序技术分析不同养殖模式对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)肠道菌群结构的影响,冗余分析(RDA)肠道菌群与水环境因子的关系。实验设置6种养殖模式:罗氏沼虾单养(MP组)、罗氏沼虾+浮萍(Lemna minor)(PP组)、罗氏沼虾+鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)(PF组)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)+鲢(PMF组)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+浮萍(PMP组)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+浮萍+鲢(PMPF组)。养殖64 d,测定水环境因子(浊度、DO、pH、Chl.a、COD、BOD、NO_3-N、NO_2-N、NH_3-N、TN、TP、PO_4-P、TOC)及肠道菌群结构。结果表明:罗氏沼虾不同养殖模式对水体浊度、PO_4-P、TN和Chl.a具有显著影响(P0.05),MP组PO_4-P浓度最大且显著大于其他组(P0.05)。肠道细菌多样性指数MP组最大(4.08),最低为PMF组(1.27)。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、软壁菌门(Tenericute)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)在虾肠道中相对丰度较大。不同养殖模式最大优势菌存在较大差异,其中MP、PMP和PMPF组为气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、PP组为柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)、PF和PMF组为Candidatus Hepatoplasma。肠道细菌与环境因子相关性分析表明:TP对罗氏沼虾肠道菌群具有显著影响(P0.05);肠棕气单胞菌(Aeromonas enteropelogenes)、有益菌肠球菌(Enterococcus)和格氏乳酸菌(Lactococcus garvieae)与NO_3-N和TN呈正相关,红细菌属(Rhodobacter)和假单胞菌(Pseudomonas vranovensis)与TP呈正相关。可见,养殖模式可通过影响水体营养盐尤其是氮磷含量影响罗氏沼虾肠道微生物群落结构。