小麦4B染色体上LOX基因的等位变异及其区域分布

为了解中国不同麦区小麦种质资源籽粒脂肪氧化酶（lipoxygenase,LOX）活性相关基因TaLox-B1的差异和分布,利用小麦4B染色体上的功能标记LOX16和LOX18对7个麦区的436份种质资源进行分子检测。结果表明：在供试材料中共检测到3种TaLox-B1基因等位变异类型,分别为TaLox-B1a（与高LOX活性相关)、TaLox-B1b（与低LOX活性相关）和杂合型,其频率分别为19.0％、70.4％和10.6％。小麦LOX活性基因不同变异类型在各生态区的分布存在明显差异：基因型TaLox-B1a在黄淮冬麦区、北部冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,其比例分别为21.1%、19.8%和17.6%;基因型TaLox-B1b在西南冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,比例分别为87.9%、72.5%;杂合型仅存在于北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区与长江中下游冬麦区,比例分别为14.2%、12.4%和9.8%。利用标记LOX16和LOX18对53个自选高代品系进行分子检测,发现自选品系仅有TaLox-B1b与杂合型两种基因型,其中基因型TaLox-B1ab有32个,比例为60.4%。采用分子标记辅助选择,有利于快速鉴定小麦籽粒LOX活性,加速LOX的遗传改良和新品种选育。     

电动拖拉机综合台架试验系统设计与试验

电动拖拉机试验具有测试对象多和物理系统复杂的特点,单一试验系统不能满足电动拖拉机性能测试要求。根据电动拖拉机作业特点,通过分析其动力传动系统数学模型,确定了以电动机效率、电池组放电特性为测试变量的设计任务。采用模块化方法,设计了能源系统试验模块、动力系统试验模块和电动拖拉机综合试验系统整体方案。通过研究试验系统总体参数设计方法,得到了加载电动机、电池测试系统和直流电池模拟器等部件的参数计算模型。通过试验系统硬件选型匹配,设计了可满足90 k W以下电动拖拉机性能测试的试验系统。在该试验平台进行了电动拖拉机性能台架试验,结果表明:试验测试误差与前期仿真分析误差在10%以内,设计的综合台架试验系统对电动拖拉机部件性能测试的适用性较好,满足整机性能分析和标定的试验需求。     

禽致病性大肠杆菌luxS和rbsC双基因缺失株的构建及其生物特性分析

禽致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)能引起家禽严重的呼吸系统和全身性疾病,由于APEC耐药菌株的不断出现迫使新型抗菌方式的研发迫在眉睫。本研究旨在评价APEC的luxS和rbsC双缺失的突变株作为减毒疫苗候选株的潜力,通过在APEC分离株DE17的单基因缺失株DE17ΔluxS的基础上,利用Red重组系统构建双基因缺失株DE17ΔluxSΔrbsC,并对其生物学特性进行了分析。结果显示:rbsC的缺失不影响DE17ΔluxS的生长特性和生物被膜形成能力,但运动性显著降低;与DE17ΔluxS相比,DE17ΔluxSΔrbsC的黏附能力和入侵能力分别降至46.92%和28.78%;半数致死量(LD50)结果显示,毒力下降了115.5倍;肝脏、脾脏和血液中的载菌量分别下降了3.63倍、79.20倍和2124.41倍。根据以上结果推测,rbsC基因的缺失会进一步降低DE17ΔluxS的毒力,本文为评价DE17ΔluxSΔrbsC株减毒机制提供参考。     

热敏感流体空化数值模拟及流动特性分析

为描述和捕捉热敏感流体空化的流动特性,文中对Zwart-Gerber-Belamri(ZGB)空化模型进行了热力学修正.通过将ZGB模型与修正的ZGB空化模型对液氮绕二维水翼空化流动的模拟结果与Hord的试验数据进行对比. 结果表明:修正的ZGB空化模型对于热敏空化流动的模拟结果与试验数据更加吻合,特别是能够较好的预测水翼表面温度和压力的分布. 采用修正的ZGB空化模型对氟化酮绕NACA 0015三维水翼的空化流动进行研究,并将空腔脱落的演化过程与Kelly的试验数据进行对比,模拟结果可以合理预测到试验过程中三维水翼附近空腔的脱落及其演化过程,进一步证明了修正的ZGB空化模型对于不同热敏流体的适用性.最后,对热敏流体空化周期性脱落的动态特征进行了识别和分析.结果表明:Ω的等值面与脱落的空腔形状相似,这表明脱落的空腔区域中呈现大规模的旋涡运动.空腔的生长脱落使水翼壁面产生明显的温降,B因子能够有效的预测腔内温降.     

基于无人机与激光测距技术的农田地形测绘

平整地技术是提高作物单产的重要措施，而获取高精度的农田地形测绘数据与农田数字地形模型，是进行精准平整地作业的必要条件。为了解决传统接触式地形测绘效率低、基于航拍摄影技术的遥感地形测绘精度差及作业成本高等问题，该研究提出了一种基于多旋翼无人机与激光测距技术的农田地形测绘方法。在多旋翼无人机测绘平台上搭载激光测距模块与后处理动态差分全球定位系统设备（Post-Processing Kinematic Global Positioning System，PPK-GPS），获取激光测距序列、PPK-GPS三维定位数据以及无人机的飞行姿态数据。首先使用均值滤波器处理原始激光测距序列，并将得到的激光测距序列与PPK-GPS定位数据进行同步处理，使二者建立空间对应关系。根据无人机倾斜状态时的测距激光方向与理论竖直方向的空间几何关系，使用从无人机的飞行控制器中提取的姿态信息校正激光测距序列，消除无人机平台在飞行过程中俯仰与横滚姿态变化对激光测距精度的影响。最后，根据PPK-GPS定位数据的海拔高度分量与激光测距序列计算试验地块内地面测量点的海拔高度，共获取1 417组地面测量点的有效测绘数据。利用手持PPK-GPS设备对地面测量点的海拔高度进行测绘精度检验。验证试验结果表明，本文提出的无人机农田地形测绘系统获取的海拔高度与手持PPK-GPS设备采集的海拔高度的均方根误差为5.2 cm，表明该无人机农田地形测绘系统具有较高的测绘精度。与利用手持GPS设备进行地形测绘作业的方法相比较，本文提出的无人机农田地形测绘系统具有自动化程度高、作业效率高等优点。该研究可为促进精准平整地技术的大规模应用提供数据支持。     

基于BP神经网络的柴油发动机特性建模

建立连续的发动机燃油特性和调速特性数学模型作为液压机械无级变速器虚拟试验平台的动力源。根据虚拟平台对不同特性区域的精度需求对柴油发动机不同特性区域的试验数据进行不同的密度选取、乱序和归一化处理,采用单隐层BP神经网络对试验数据进行训练,对比不同隐层节点数网络的训练误差和测试误差,选取误差最小的网络,求解出网络的数学表达式。通过该方法以ISLe310柴油发动机为例建立燃油特性和调速特性的连续数学模型,这两个简单的数学表达式准确反映了发动机万有特性和外特性,连续模型避免了虚拟试验中出现信号的突变和奇异点。通过和经典的最小二乘法拟合得到的最优特性模型进行对比,其具有更小的误差、更强的泛化能力,能够更好地反映柴油发动机的相关特性。     

Intercropping soybean and palisade grass for enhanced land use efficiency and revenue in a no till system

Integrated no-till crop and livestock production systems may help rejuvenate degraded pastures, increase land use efficiency (LUE), and increase enterprise revenue. Our objectives were to evaluate: (1) planting date effects on seed yield and nutrient concentration of an early-maturing, no-till system (NTS) soybean (Glycine max) when intercropped with palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha); (2) dry matter production and protein concentration of the grass pasture after soybean harvest; and (3) overall revenue and LUE for the intercrop system. Experiments were performed during two growing seasons in Botucatu, Brazil using a randomized complete block experimental design. When palisade grass and soybean were sown simultaneously, soybean yield averaged 3.28 Mg ha⁻¹. Similar seed yields were observed when palisade grass was planted either 30 d after soybean emergence (DAE) (3.29 Mg ha⁻¹) or at the soybean reproductive stage R6 (full seed) (3.50 Mg ha⁻¹). Monocrop soybean yield averaged 3.50 Mg ha⁻¹. First cut dry matter forage production was greater when palisade grass was sown at the same time as soybean or 30 DAE of soybean. This indicates that interseeding palisade grass with soybean does not significantly affect soybean nutrition or yield. Intercropping did increase LUE and resulted in 1.6 times more revenue than soybean alone. However, sowing palisade grass at the soybean reproductive stage R6 (full seed) significantly reduced the forage yield compared to early planting.     

Relationship between effective solar radiation and sap flow process during an entire growing season in Western Mountains of Beijing

In order to explore the relationship between the time processes of solar radiation and sap flow, sap flow velocity (SFV) of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis, effective solar radiation (ESR) and other environmental factors were synchronously monitored for one year in the Beijing Western Mountains by using a thermal dissipation probe (TDP) system and an automatic weather station. Results showed significant differences between changes in diurnal characteristics of ESR and sap flow in sunny days during three seasons. Starting times of sap flow occurred generally 1.5–3 hours later than those of solar radiation and there were small differences between Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. But peak times and stopping times of sap flow varied con-siderably with large contrasts in ESR. The duration of sap flow showed clear differences among the seasons owing to the variable rhythms of climate factors in Beijing. Fluctuation amplitude in the duration of sap flow remained relatively stable during the autumn but changed greatly during spring and summer. Changes in diurnal sap flow velocity of both Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabu-laeformis were about 0–3 hours later than those of ESR but with the same configuration. The start of sap flow was mainly induced by the sudden intensification of ESR (sunrise effect). Seasonal models of SFV indicated that a cubic equation had the best fit. It was more practical to simulate seasonal water consumption models of trees with ESR. In further investigations, these models should be optimized.     

石灰石粉施用量对重庆酸雨区马尾松林下木荷生长的影响

重庆是我国酸雨发生最早且其污染最严重的地区之一。由于长期遭受酸雨影响,这里的森林受害明显,经济和环境损失巨大。马尾松(Pinus massonianaLamb.)和木荷(Schima superbaGardn.etChamp.)都属于重庆的重要乡土树种,马尾松在造林中被广泛使用,木荷是优良的生物防火树种,并因     

Influence of host plant species on the development and reproduction of hawthorn spider mites

A leaf disc bioassay was employed to investigate the influence of host species of deciduous fruit trees, like apple, peach, plum, cherry and apricot, on the development and reproduction of the hawthorn spider mite Tetranychus viennensis Zacher in the laboratory under conditions of 25±1°C, 60±10% RH and a photoperiod of 16 h: 8 h light: dark. This was done by determining the duration of each life stage of the mites, the intrinsic rate of population increase (r _m ), mean generation time (T) and net reproductive rate (R ₀) of the spider mites on each of the host plant species. Differences in life table parameters of the spider mite among host plants were analyzed with the jack-knife method. The results indicated that plum might be the best suitable plant for the spider mite among the plants tested due to shorter developmental period and higher intrinsic rate of increase, whereas cherry and apricot were least suitable due to their long developmental duration and low intrinsic rates of increase. When the spider mites were transferred from apple to other fruit trees, negative effects on developmental duration, fecundity and life table parameters were found in the first generation, but the effects faded out in succeeding generations. When transferred onto plum and peach, the spider mite adapted to the new hosts in the second generation; however, on cherry and apricot, it adapted in the third generation. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 27(7) [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 27(7)]