Public perceptions of ecosystem services and preferences for design scenarios of the flooded bank along the Three Gorges Reservoir: Implications for sustainable management of novel ecosystems

The newly formed extensive flooded land associated with the Three Gorges Reservoir hold great potentials to provide ecosystem services (ESs) for surrounding cities and communities. Conflicting values and conventional management strategies may complicate and inhibit broad-scale decision-making for this novel ecosystem. Public attitudes are a crucial influence in the way this process plays out. This study was conducted to assess how the reservoir bank is perceived by the general public of Chongqing Municipality in terms of importance of riparian ESs, and preference for corresponding landscape design styles through photo-questionnaire interviewing. Although Chongqing citizens know little of the “ecosystem services” concept, they do recognise riparian environmental and ecological benefits especially the bank protection and pollution interception functions, while benefits of habitats for wildlife and flood attenuation were of less concern. Recreational values were least appreciated, which is inconsistent with other studies. This may be attributed to a wider, intensive environmental education in various social media in today’s China. But publicity has been dominated by toxic air, water and soil pollution control rather than the benefits of nature conservation and personal contact with nature. In line with recognition of ESs, there is quite strong preference for the forested design scenario and particularly vegetation components across the socio-demographic spectrum. Overall, socio-demographic variables have very low explanatory power for the perceptual responses. Our study also revealed misunderstandings around riparian functions and a gap between public expectations and special abiotic and biotic prerequisites in restoring novel ecosystems. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this research to urban novel ecosystems in general, and implications for raising public awareness, engaging appropriate public values in sustainable design and management of such ecosystems.     

Rapid mapping of candidate genes for cold tolerance in Oryza rufipogon Griff. by QTL-seq of seedlings

Cold stress is a major problem in rice production. To rapidly identify genes for cold tolerance in Dongxiang wild rice(DWR, Oryza rufipogon Griff.), sequencing-based bulked segregant analysis of QTL-seq method was used to resequence the extremely resistant(R) and susceptible(S) bulks of a backcross inbred lines(BILs) population(derived from Oryza sativa×O. rufipogon) and their parents. Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)-index graphs and corresponding Δ(SNPindex) graphs(at 99 and 95% confidence levels) for R-and S-bulks detected a total of 2 609 candidate SNPs, including 58 candidate cold-tolerance genes. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that 5 out of the 58 candidate genes had significant differences in expression between O. sativa and O. rufipogon. Structural variation and functional annotations of the 5 candidate genes were also analyzed, and allowed us to identify 2 insertion-deletion(InDel) markers(12-7 and 12-16) that were linked with candidate genes on chromosome 12 in DWR. These results are helpful for cloning and using cold tolerance genes from common wild rice in cultivated rice.     

一类半线性椭圆问题的瀑布型多重网格法

采用瀑布型多重网格法求解一类半线性椭圆问题.在适当条件下，证明了该算法具有能量范数意义下最优收敛阶和拟最优计算复杂度.     

The newly proposed EU risk assessment concept for the sediment compartment

Within the frame of the EU Existing Chemicals Regulation (793/93/EEC), a new concept for the assessment of the sediment compartment has been developed. During the assessment process it has become clear that for substances that strongly adsorb or bind to sediment the equilibrium partitioning method (EPM) presently employed is not sufficient. The new approach is therefore based on long-term sediment tests with benthic organisms. A testing strategy has been developed which considers species which represent different habitats and feeding strategies in order to adequately address all possible routes of exposure. The new concept has proven to be valuable in risk assessments, two examples (3,4-DCA, DODMAC) of which are shown in more detail.     

Genetic Diversity and Genetic Changes in the Introgression Lines Derived from Oryza sativa L. Mating with O. rufipogon Griff.

The objectives of the present study were to estimate genetic diversity and genetic changes of introgression lines (ILs) which derived from cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Xieqingzao B, XB) mating with common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff., CWR). The genetic data of 239 ILs were based on a total of 131 polymorphic microsatellite (SSR) markers distributed across the 12 chromosomes of rice. On average, these ILs possessed 77.1 and 14.31% homozygous bands from XB and CWR, respectively. Most of the ILs were clustered together with XB individual, which was revealed by principal coordinate analysis (PCA) and the program STRUCTURE analysis. The result from PCA demonstrated that some intermediate genotypes between XB and CWR were also found. Moreover, there were some genomic sequence changes including parental bands elimination and novel bands emergence in the ILs. The average Nei's gene diversity (He) was 0.296, which was higher than that of cultivated rice. It suggested that interspecific hybridization and gene introgression could broaden the base of genetic variation and lay an important foundation for rice genetic improvement. These different genotypic ILs would provide a better experimental system for understanding the evolution of rice species and the mechanism of alien gene introgression.     

Responses of soil dissolved organic matter to long-term plantations of three coniferous tree species

Tree species have significant effects on the availability and dynamics of soil organic matter. In the present study, the pool sizes of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM), potential mineralizable N (PMN) and bio-available carbon (C) (measured as cumulative CO₂ evolution over 63 days) were compared in soils under three coniferous species — 73 year old slash (Pinus elliottii), hoop (Araucaria cunninghamii) and kauri (Agathis robusta) pines. Results have shown that dissolved organic N (DON) in hot water extracts was 1.5–1.7 times lower in soils under slash pine than under hoop and kauri pines, while soil dissolved organic C (DOC) in hot water extracts tended to be higher under slash pine than hoop and kauri pines but this was not statistically significant. This has led to the higher DOC:DON ratio in soils under slash pine (32) than under hoop and kauri pines (17). Soil DOC and DON in 2 M KCl extracts were not significantly different among the three tree species. The DOC:DON ratio (hot water extracts) was positively and significantly correlated with soil C:N (R² = 0.886, P < 0.01) and surface litter C:N ratios (R² = 0.768, P < 0.01), indicating that DOM was mainly derived from litter materials and soil organic matter through dissolution and decomposition. Soil pH was lower under slash pine (4.5) than under hoop (6.0) and kauri (6.2) pines, and negatively correlated with soil total C, C:N ratio, DOC and DOC:DON ratio (hot water extracts), indicating the soil acidity under slash pine favored the accumulation of soil C. Moreover, the amounts of dissolved inorganic N, PMN and bio-available C were also significantly lower in soils under slash pine than under hoop and kauri pines. It is concluded that changes in the quantity and quality of surface litters and soil pH induced by different tree species largely determined the size and quality of soil DOM, and plantations of hoop and kauri pine trees may be better in maintaining long-term soil N fertility than slash pine plantations.     

基于GIS/RS的江西省农业气候区划

在农业气候资源研究中,气象观测站点数据的区域化问题是进行资源优化配置和高效利用的一个重要环节。利用江西省84个气象站点,采用SPSS统计软件逐步回归分析方法分别建立江西省年均降水和年均气温与经度、纬度和海拔之间的统计线性关系模型,结合SRTM-DEM、经度和纬度计算江西省每个栅格点上的年均气温和降水。在ArcGIS支持下,利用统计关系模型对月平均温度和降水进行了区域化。并以年均降水量和气温作为气候特征指标进行聚类,将江西省划分为6个农业气候类型区:(1)湖泊气候区;(2)平原气候区;(3)赣西北中低山丘陵气候区;(4)赣东低山丘陵气候区;(5)山地气候区;(6)高山气候区。     

抗日战争时期江西农业探析

江西是一个农业大省,其农业产出居全国前列。抗日战争时期,江西农业虽受战争影响有所衰落,但江西人民在省政府的领导下积极从事农业生产,将战争的破坏降至最低限度。农业是国家经济的基石,农产品的供给是决定战争胜负的重要因素,抗战时期江西农业之产出,不仅为江西本省抗战提供了物资保障,而且对支撑东南抗战、坚持全国持久抗战直至最后胜利做出了不可磨灭的贡献。     

我国食物资源安全状况评价及其对策研究

以食物自给率(FSR)及其均值(M)和变异系数(CV)为评价指标,对1991-2012年中国粮食、猪肉、牛羊肉、禽肉、蛋类、奶类、水产品、水果、蔬菜9大类食物的安全状况及其变化趋势进行了定量分析。研究结果表明:1整体上看,研究期内中国粮食生产已无法完全满足自身的粮食需求,粮食已处于不安全的状态。其主要原因是20世纪90年代以来饲料粮和工业用粮消费量呈现出快速增长的趋势,两者的年均增长速度分别是粮食产量增长速度的3.34倍和6.54倍。2中国各种畜禽产品和水产品的供给量均远远超过需求量,表明猪肉、牛羊肉、禽肉、蛋类、奶类和水产品等6大类食物均处于非常安全的状态,它不但可以满足我国的消费需求,而且有大量剩余可供出口或储备。3水果和蔬菜的安全水平不断提高,并呈现出显著的线性增长趋势,整体上看这2类食物也处于非常安全的状态。