加格达奇市黄芪种植地土壤形态描述及适宜性分析

黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)因其药用价值高近年来被大量、无节制采挖,致使野生黄芪资源几近枯竭。探究黄芪适宜生长的土壤,将为人工驯化黄芪提供一定的科学依据。本研究以加格达奇市连续多年人工种植黄芪的土壤为研究对象,系统分析了2个典型土壤剖面的形态特征及土壤养分。结果表明：表层土壤结构疏松,孔隙度较大,土壤颜色较深,干态为黑棕色,润态为黑色;淀积层及母质层土壤结构坚实,孔隙度较小,土壤颜色随着层次加深,颜色逐渐变黄、变棕。表层土壤质地肥沃,多以壤土为主;表层有机质含量高,分别为122.07、110.09 g/kg,占其整个土壤剖面有机质含量的52%和82%,土壤剖面有机质随土层深度的增加呈现一个骤降的趋势;表层土壤全氮含量较高,分别为6.58、8.87 g/kg,而土壤全磷含量较低,主要分布于土壤表层,表层土壤的全磷含量分别为0.07、1.01 g/kg,土壤酸碱度在pH 5.11~6.35之间。黄芪适应生长土壤质地疏松,土壤温度状况为寒冻性、土壤水分状况为湿润,土壤肥沃,表层土壤有机质含量高,全氮含量也较高,而全磷含量较低,土壤呈弱酸性至中性。     

Effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematode community structure and metabolic footprints in soybean phase of a soybean-maize rotation on Mollisols

It has been well documented that organic amendment affects soil nematode community structure. However, little is known about the effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematodes. To assess the effect of the amount of organic amendments on soil nematode community structure and metabolic activity, the community composition, abundance, and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were determined in a long-term field experiment with various amounts of organic amendment in Northeast China. Fertilization treatments included an unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer without manure amendment (OM₀), manure applied at 7.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₁), and manure applied at 22.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₂). A total of 46 nematode genera were found. Treatments with the largest amount of organic amendment had the smallest number of plant parasite genera (5), but a largest number of dominant genera (7). Soil nematodes, bacterivores, and fungivores were the most abundant in OM₂, followed by OM₁, and the lowest in OM₀ and CK. Organic amendment increased the enrichment index (EI), and the large amount of organic amendment increased the metabolic footprints of bacterivore (Baf) and fungivore (Fuf) and enrichment footprint (Ef). The relationships between Baf (or Fuf) and the increases in soil organic carbon (ΔSOC) and total nitrogen (ΔTN) were stronger than those of bacterivore (or fungivore) abundance with ΔSOC and ΔTN, except for the relationship between bacterivore abundance and ΔSOC. The EI and Ef were positively correlated with ΔSOC and ΔTN. These findings suggest that the amount of organic amendment affects soil nematode activity and function at entry levels in soil food web, and that metabolic footprints of soil nematodes may be better indicators than their abundances in assessing their relationships with soil nutrients.     

东北黑土nirS型反硝化细菌群落和网络结构对长期施用化肥的响应

【目的】探明长期施用氮磷钾化肥对东北黑土农田土壤nirS型反硝化细菌群落和网络结构的影响,为更加合理的肥料配施提供理论依据。【方法】基于农业农村部黑龙江耕地保育与农业环境科学观测实验站平台,选取不施肥(NoF)、氮肥(N)、磷肥(P)、钾肥(K)、氮钾肥(NK)、氮磷肥(NP)、磷钾肥(PK)、氮磷钾肥(NPK)8个施肥处理,借助荧光定量PCR、Illumina MiSeq高通量测序和分子生态网络技术,分析东北黑土nirS型反硝化细菌丰度、群落及网络结构,及影响反硝化细菌群落变异的主要环境因子。【结果】1)长期施用氮肥均在显著增加nirS基因拷贝数的同时,降低了nirS型反硝化细菌的群落多样性,而磷、钾肥对其影响并不显著。2)Proteobacteria是所有处理中的优势反硝化细菌门,相对丰度为16.96%~27.34%,且氮肥的施用促进了隶属于该菌门中Bradyrhizobium的生长。3)PCoA分析结果显示,8个施肥处理nirS型反硝化细菌群落主要分成施氮肥和不施氮肥两组,说明长期氮肥的施用显著改变了东北黑土反硝化细菌的群落结构。结合Mantel test的结果可知,土壤pH是影响nirS型反硝化细菌群落改变的主要因素。4)分别构建施氮肥和不施氮肥的反硝化细菌分子生态网络,发现施氮肥和不施氮肥网络结构存在很大差异,长期施用氮肥明显简化了nirS型反硝化细菌的网络结构,同时使其网络结构稳定性降低,易受外界环境扰动。【结论】尽管施用化学氮肥有利于土壤养分的增加,但其土壤nirS型反硝化细菌群落及网络结构发生了较大改变,而磷、钾肥的施用对反硝化细菌群落无显著影响。本试验结果为进一步研究东北黑土区农田土壤反硝化微生物对不同施肥管理的响应机制提供了重要科学依据。     

Contrasting development of soil microbial community structure under no-tilled perennial and tilled cropping during early pedogenesis of a Mollisol

A range of agricultural practices influence soil microbial communities, such as tillage and organic C inputs, however such effects are largely unknown at the initial stage of soil formation. Using an eight-year field experiment established on exposed parent material (PM) of a Mollisol, our objectives were to: (1) to determine the effects of field management and soil depth on soil microbial community structure; (2) to elucidate shifts in microbial community structure in relation to PM, compared to an arable Mollisol (MO) without organic amendment; and (3) to identify the controlling factors of such changes in microbial community structure. The treatments included two no-tilled soils supporting perennial crops, and four tilled soils under the same cropping system, with or without chemical fertilization and crop residue amendment. Principal component (PC) analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles demonstrated that microbial community structures were affected by tillage and/or organic and inorganic inputs via PC1 and by land use and/or soil depth via PC2. All the field treatments were separated by PM into two groups via PC1, the tilled and the no-tilled soils, with the tilled soils more developed towards MO. The tilled soils were separated with respect to MO via PC1 associated with the differences in mineral fertilization and the quality of organic amendments, with the soils without organic amendment being more similar to MO. The separations via PC1 were principally driven by bacteria and associated with soil pH and soil C, N and P. The separations via PC2 were driven by fungi, actinomycetes and Gram (−) bacteria, and associated with soil bulk density. The separations via both PC1 and PC2 were associated with soil aggregate stability and exchangeable K, indicating the effects of weathering and soil aggregation. The results suggest that in spite of the importance of mineral fertilization and organic amendments, tillage and land-use type play a significant role in determining the nature of the development of associated soil microbial community structures at the initial stages of soil formation.     

原始云冷杉、红松林树木生长对氮沉降的响应

本文通过野外控制试验，设置4个梯度的施氮处理，分别为对照(CK，不加氮)、低氮(T_L，5 g/(m2·a))、中氮(T_M，10 g/(m2·a))、高氮(T_H，15 g/(m2·a))，研究云冷杉红松林主要树种的径生长对氮沉降增加的响应。结果表明，枫桦径生长随氮添加梯度的增加出现了先促进后抑制的趋势；臭冷杉和红松径生长随氮添加梯度的增加而受到抑制，其中臭冷杉表现出明显的衰退现象甚至死亡；花楷槭则表现出较为复杂的响应，可能与该树种对不同梯度氮添加的响应机制不同有关。同时还发现，各处理、各树种的胸径大小与径生长量存在相关性，可能与树种年龄及其所处的生态位相关。研究表明，氮沉降改变树木生长速率和死亡率，可能影响地上生态系统碳库和整个生态系统碳循环。      

中国沙棘良种选育及遗传改良研究进展与展望

中国沙棘良种选育及遗传改良研究虽起步较晚但进展迅速,在优良品种选育、优异种质引种及遗传改良等方面的研究中取得了重大进展.为给中国沙棘资源的可持续利用提供理论依据和科技支撑,在汲取国内相关研究成果及查阅有关学术论文的基础上,综述了中国沙棘优良类型选择、优良个体(品种)选育、引种驯化、杂交育种及遗传改良等领域的研究进展,指...     

汤旺河林业局森林资源消长动态的GIS空间分析

以汤旺河林业局1988年和2008年两期林相图、地形图和森林经理调查数据为基础资料，利用地理信息系统软件ArcGIS9构建两期森林资源空间数据库，运用叠加分析法对6种地类、7种林型和2种起源的森林资源的空间消长情况进行研究的结果表明：1988--＇2008年，有林地作为该地区的优势景观要素，面积增加了9．38％；红松林...     

磷影响大豆根系分泌有机酸总量和不同根区有机酸量

采用营养液培养的方法,设置由无磷转化为供磷(0-50)和由供磷转换为无磷(50-0)2个处理,分析了磷转换处理对不同根区有机酸的影响.结果表明:大豆生长对磷素的需求非常迫切,50-0处理根系可溶性磷含量相对较高,而0-50处理地上部可溶性磷含量相对较高;50-0处理根系有机酸分泌量较0-50处理大,而且分泌量随着距离根...     

中国东北漫川漫岗典型黑土区沟道侵蚀特征

[目的] 通过对450 km²黑土区进行实测调查，旨在评估研究区沟道侵蚀现状。[方法] 选取沟道侵蚀严重的450 km²的漫川漫岗黑土区为调查区域，首先在谷歌卫星影像上进行侵蚀沟识别和定位，再对侵蚀沟立体形态进行实地测量。[结果] ①研究区土地利用以耕地为主，耕地、建设用地、林地、草地分别占研究区总面积的85%，8%，6%，1%。②研究区坡耕地占86%，坡度0.25°~3.0°占64%，大于5°的占12%。③共有侵蚀沟1 049条，其中耕地中侵蚀沟577条，占总侵蚀沟条数的55%；沟壑密度1.2 km/km²，按沟壑密度衡量沟蚀强度为中度；沟壑面积比例为2.89%，以此界定沟蚀强度为剧烈。④研究区侵蚀沟平均长度、宽度、深度和面积分别为996，13.1，2.7 m和2.4 hm²。[结论] 漫川漫岗黑土区沟道侵蚀严重，主要危害坡耕地，但侵蚀沟相对较小，易于治理。     

农机与农艺结合中存在的问题及对策

农机与农艺紧密结合,对于农业经济发展具有重要意义,是未来农业发展的必然趋势。阐述农机与农艺结合的重要性,分析农机与农艺结合过程中存在的问题,提出加快农机与农艺结合的有效措施,以期为现代农业的发展提供参考。