不同品种牧草间组合时体外产气发酵特性研究

采用体外发酵产气技术研究了鲁梅克斯杂交酸模-三叶草分别与皇竹草、桂牧1号、冬牧70、矮象草、牛鞭草、黑麦草和苏丹草按0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25和100∶0的比例进行组合时的体外发酵产气特性。结果表明,当鲁梅克斯-三叶草分别与皇竹、桂牧1号和冬牧70组合时,产气量和理论最大产气量以鲁梅克斯-三叶草占75%时最高,而与黑麦草组合时则以25%时最高,并显著(P<0.05)高于其占75%的组合。与矮象草和苏丹草组合时以其占50%时最高,而与牛鞭草组合时则以50%最低。当鲁梅克斯-三叶草与除黑麦草之外的牧草组合时,产气速率随鲁梅克斯-三叶草所占比例的上升而上升,与黑麦草组合时,产气速率则呈相反方向变化,但不同组合比例间无显著差异。当鲁梅克斯-三叶草与除皇竹、桂牧1号、牛鞭草和冬牧70以外的禾本科牧草组合时,不同比例的牧草组合不同发酵时间点之间的正组合效应达到了显著水平。结论认为,3种牧草间组合可不同程度地提高牧草的体外发酵产气量。     

Occurrence and Effects of the Rhizocephalan Parasite,Polyascus gregarius,in the Chinese Mitten Crab,Eriocheir sinensis,Cultured in a Freshwater Pond,China

An epizootic outbreak of the parasitic barnacle, Polyascus gregarius, was reported for the first time in cultured commercial mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Observations were made in a freshwater culture pond in Shenjia Dang, Zhejiang province, China, from June to October 2007. The surface morphology and appearance of the interna, externa, or scar of P. gregarius were recorded in 1464 crabs, including 871 males and 593 females. Overall prevalence of infection was 37.8 and 31.7% in male and female crabs, respectively. The monthly variation of infection was mainly dependent on the mortality of the host, with the highest prevalence (58.0% of males and 51.3% of females infected) in June, and the lowest (13.4% of males and 6.3% of females) in October. A host with multiple externae or scars was encountered frequently, with the maximum of 28 externae or 19 scars on a single crab. Being restricted in the culture pond, the hosts could not escape and return to the brackish water of the estuary; therefore, the externae were never exposed to male cyprids and remained unfertilized. As a result, all the externae degenerated and dropped off finally after 2–3 mo. This parasite caused castration, anecdysis, and increased mortality in the host, and therefore, had both direct and indirect effects on the commercial culture of E. sinensis. Infected males were castrated and displayed morphological modifications of secondary sexual characters. The size of infected crabs was significantly smaller than that of uninfected crabs because the molting was reduced by infection. After all the externae dropped off, the scarred host crabs finally died. A high mortality (possibly >50%) due to parasitism was observed in this study.     

大鳞鲃的人工繁殖、胚胎发育和耐盐碱测定

2008-2010年进行大鳞鲃的人工繁殖和胚胎发育观察,并测定了胚胎、仔鱼的耐盐碱能力。结果表明,大鳞鲃是产漂流性卵的鱼类,繁殖性周期为1年产卵1次类型。水温19～23℃时,催产药物的效应时间在21～26 h,1.4～2.3 kg的雌性亲鱼产卵量在8×105～1.4×106粒,人工繁殖的催产率、受精率和孵化率平均为63.9%、81.5%、86.6%。大鳞鲃的卵为灰白色,直径约1.5 mm,遇水后卵膜会迅速吸水膨胀,1 h后达到最大为4.5 mm。水温20～23℃时,从卵授精到仔鱼孵出需要的积温为49.82℃.d,到仔鱼平游摄食需要积温125.14℃.d,刚出膜的仔鱼全长(6.07±0.18)mm,当达到(8.30±0.47)mm开始平游摄食。在耐盐碱实验中,测得大鳞鲃的胚胎72 h在盐度3.2以下、碱度14.32 mmol/L以下的水体中对成活率无影响;仔鱼96 h在盐度5.1以下、碱度14.32 mmol/L以下的水体对成活率无影响。     

Effect of Chitosan on Intestinal Bacteria of Allogynogenetic Crucian Carp,Carassius auratus gibelio,as Depicted by polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

A 16S rDNA‐based polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) method was applied to detect intestinal bacterial communities of juvenile allogynogenetic crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, fed with chitosan‐containing diet. This is the first time to use the molecular method to analyze the bacterial communities in the allogynogenetic crucian carp intestine. The DGGE profile with universal bacterial primers revealed simple communities in all treatment groups. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of excised DGGE bands showed that the dominant bacteria belonged to class γ‐Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria. The relative abundance and diversity of detected bacteria suggested that 0.5 and 0.75% of chitosan in diet were optimum for juvenile allogynogenetic crucian carp. As in these concentrations, some detected pathogen bacteria either disappeared or decreased. However, the DGGE profile with Aeromonas‐specific primers showed a similar composition among all treatment groups, which suggested that Aeromonas was one of relative stable bacteria components in the intestine of juvenile allogynogenetic crucian carp.     

氮添加对天山高寒草原土壤酶活性和酶化学计量特征的影响

为探究氮添加对高寒草原生态系统土壤酶活性的影响,于2018年在中国科学院巴音布鲁克草原生态系统研究站,选择4个氮添加水平(对照,N0,0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;低氮,N1,10 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;中氮,N3,30 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;高氮,N9,90 kg·hm^-2·a^-1),开展土壤酶活性对氮添加响应的研究,分析土壤酶活性对氮添加的响应特点,土壤酶化学计量比以及土壤酶活性与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明:与对照相比,氮添加在N3水平显著增加β-1,4葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-D-纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-1,4木糖苷酶(βX)酶活性(P<0.05),N1和N3水平显著增加碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性(P<0.05),N3水平显著降低多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性(P<0.05),氮添加对亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)活性影响不显著,N3水平下显著增加N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,8种土壤酶活性均与土壤有机碳(SOC、NAG除外)和总磷(TP)显著相关,与土壤总氮(TN)不相关。研究区土壤酶活性C∶N∶P化学计量比为1∶1∶1.2,与全球生态系统的土壤酶活性C∶N∶P的比值1∶1∶1相偏离,表明该研究区土壤微生物生长受磷素限制。冗余分析(RDA)进一步揭示出土壤有机碳和土壤全磷含量是影响土壤酶活性的主要因子。     

MeJA regulates enzymes involved in ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism and improves chilling tolerance in loquat fruit

This study investigated the regulation of ascorbate acid (AsA) and glutathione metabolism and chilling tolerance by methyl jamonate (MeJA) in loquat fruit. The results showed that application of MeJA to loquat fruit inhibited the incidence of chilling injury manifested as internal browning (IB) and increased AsA and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents due to the inhibition of ascorbate oxidase activity and enhancement of monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase activities. Meanwhile, MeJA also enhanced activities of ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase. Our results suggested that MeJA can regulate the ascorbate and glutathione metabolism and has important roles in alleviating oxidative damage and enhancing chilling tolerance in loquat fruit.     

盐碱对大鳞鳃血清渗透压、离子含量及鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的影响

通过室内毒理实验,研究了盐度、碱度以及盐碱交互作用对大鳞9E(Barbus capito)血清渗透压、血清离子(Na~+,K~+,CI~-、尿素氮)浓度和鳃丝Na~+/K~+ -ATP酶活力的影响.单因子实验中,随着含盐水平(8 g/L,10g/L、12g/L,14 g/L)的增大,大鳞鳃血清渗透压和血清离子(Na~+,K~+,Cl~-)浓度均显著升高(P<0.05),鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力先升高后降低,受体内外渗透压差的影响最显著(P<0.05).碱度的增大(19.05 mmol/L,30.20 mmol/L,47.86mmol/L,75.86 mmol/L)能引起血清K~+和尿素氮浓度显著升高(P<0.05),但对血清渗透压和鳃丝ATP酶活力无显著影响.在双因子实验中,盐碱交互升高会引起渗透压和血清离子(Na~+,CI~-、尿素氮)显著升高(P<0.05).方差分析结果表明,盐度、碱度及交互作用均对渗透压有显著影响,影响作用最大的是盐度,其次是碱度,交互作用最小.鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性先升高后降低,最高值出现在盐度10 g/L、碱度30.20 mmol/L的正交试验组.从实验结果可得出,大鳞鳃在盐度12g/L以下的水体中能生存,在盐碱共存的环境下,能耐受的上限为盐度10 g/L、碱度30.20mmol.本研究旨在掌握大鳞鳃的生存盐碱度范围,以期为该物种的增养殖生产提供基础依据.     

Jatrophane diterpenoid esters from Euphorbia sororia serving as multidrug resistance reversal agents

Six (1-6) new jatrophane diterpenoid esters together with four known compounds (7-10) were isolated from the acetone extract of fructus Euphorbia sororia. Their structures were elucidated by the spectral technology, including the 2D NMR experiments (HMQC, HMBC and NOESY). The absolute configuration of compound 1 and compound 7 were first confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 1-7 were assayed for their antiproliferative activity in human cancer cell lines: human mammary adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and human lung adenocarcinoma (A549). All the compounds were inactive for the cell lines. The multidrug-resistance reversal activity was also tested on KBv200 cells and compound 2 displayed strong multidrug resistance reversal activity, outperforming verapamil at 10 μM.     

冶河流域径流减少的驱动因素分析

分析了1970—2000年滹沱河的重要支流——冶河流域径流减少的主要驱动因子气候和地表覆被的变化趋势及其对流域径流的影响。结果表明，30年来，流域降水量减少，流域内的年平均气温上升并达到显著水平。流域1995年有林地和高覆盖草地所占面积同20世纪80年代相比大幅减少，林地和草地的质量有所下降，到了2000年有所回升；流域内农田的有效灌溉面积逐年增加。同时流域的径流量发生了明显变化：年均流量自1966年以来不断减小，尤其是80年代以后下降趋势更明显。以致上游长年有水河流部分河段出现了不同程度的断流。