浅析我国南方冬闲田种植一年生黑麦草的应用研究

针对我国南方地区冬闲田数量多、利用率低的现象,充分利用冬闲田种草养畜,不仅可以解决牲畜季节性青绿粗饲料缺乏问题,还能促进农民增收和农业可持续发展。一年生黑麦草由于适生范围广,鲜草产量高,营养丰富且柔嫩多汁,适口性好,家畜家禽喜欢采食,深受农户青睐,成为一种极具发展前途的越年生优质牧草,近年来在畜牧业生产中得到广泛应用。本文从一年生黑麦草生物性状、营养特性、冬闲田的丰产栽培技术、青贮技术以及在各类畜禽的饲喂研究角度进行综述,并指出今后的研究重点和方向。旨在为一年生黑麦草在畜牧业中的进一步推广应用提供参考。     

我国奶牛生产性能测定工作现状及发展趋势

本文介绍了我国开展奶牛生产性能测定工作的相关情况和取得的成效,分析了当前存在的主要问题,并对下一步发展提出了建议。     

两种光照下低海拔引种云锦杜鹃的光合作用日变化

以移栽的野生云锦杜鹃Rhododendron fortunei为材料,使用LI-6400便携式光合作用仪,分析10%光照和全光照下低海拔区域引种云锦杜鹃的光合日变化,结果显示10%光照下生长的云锦杜鹃蒸腾速率低于全光照下生长的云锦杜鹃,而水分利用效率高于全光照下云锦杜鹃的60.17%。两种光照下的云锦杜鹃净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化呈现"单峰"型。全光照下净光合速率下降是非气孔限制引起的,而10%光照下则为气孔限制引起。研究说明种植在低海拔环境的云锦杜鹃喜光的特性并不因为温度高而改变,但夏季遮荫措施还是有必要的。     

江西引种无性系茶树良种的灰色关联度评价

[目的]为探究江西省引种省外无性系茶树良种的适应性与特征特性,从中筛选出适宜推广种植的茶树良种.[方法]以25份省外引进无性系茶树良种为材料,测定其农艺性状、化学成分含量、抗逆性和制茶品质等15项性状指标,采用因子分析性状指标的贡献度与相关性,最终利用灰色关联度法对引种品种进行综合分析和评价.[结果]15项性状指标的变异系数范围为5.08％～57.20％,其中13项在10％以上,表明所引进的无性系茶树良种在江西省的适应性差异性较大,其中生长势、EGC、耐旱性、耐旱性最大,发芽密度、一芽二叶百芽质量、一芽一叶期、总游离氨基酸、EC、ECG、EGCG次之,水浸出物和绿茶品质得分最小;因子分析提取的5个主因子能够解释引种品种适应性的79.19％的信息,各性状对主因子均有相应的贡献,性状指标中生长势、发芽密度、耐寒性和耐旱性之间相关性较大,水浸出物、茶多酚、EGCG、EGC和一芽二叶百芽质量之间相关性较大,EGC、EC、咖啡碱和一芽一叶期之间相关性较大;灰色关联度综合评价显示有11个品种的加权关联度在0.7以上,综合评价最好,依次为浙农117、福鼎大白茶、浙农113、鄂茶1号、迎霜、湘波绿2号、浙农902、白毫早、名山白毫、玉笋和春雨1号,这些品种的制茶品质优良,生长势较强、产量较大,物候期早,化学成分含量优异和抗逆性较强;11份品种评价为中等;3份评价较差.[结论]灰色关联度法可应用于茶树引种品种的适应性评价,综合评价最好的11份茶树良种可以在实际生产中进一步推广种植,也可以作为茶树品种选育时的遗传亲本材料,评价中等和较差的应谨慎引种.     

Behaviors of Organic and Heavy Metallic Pollutants during Supercritical Water Oxidation of Oil-Based Drill Cuttings

Oil-based drill cuttings (OBDCs), which contain various petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and alkaline salts, will significantly affect the local ecosystem if left untreated. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is regarded as a potential end-of-pipe technology that is able to degrade organic compounds, stabilize heavy metals, and neutralize alkaline salts simultaneously. In this paper, SCWO of OBDCs was carried out using a batch reactor. Six organic compounds and eight elements were selected as representatives of the petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals, respectively, in OBDCs. The effects of the oxygen coefficient (OC), temperature (T), and reaction time (t) on the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons and the stabilization of heavy metals were evaluated in detail. The results indicated that nearly 100% of naphthalenes and more than 97% of alkanes could be destroyed when T?>?475 °C, t?>?2 min, and OC?>?2.5. The elements Ba, Cr, and Pb were almost completely stabilized in the solid products, and small amounts of Zn and Cu were detected in the liquid products. More than the original contents of Fe, Cr, and Ni were found in the solid products due to the corrosion of the SCWO reactor. The content of alkaline salt in the feed was too low to affect the pH of the liquid products. The results of X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses suggested that SCWO can efficiently remove organic pollutants from OBDCs but does not obviously affect the microstructure and composition of the inorganic compounds.     

温度对茶发酵叶色泽及茶色素含量的影响

为探究温度对发酵外形、汤色指标和品质成分的影响,并获得快速判别发酵适度的指标,该文以福鼎大白茶品种鲜叶为原料,设置25、30、35、40℃等4个发酵温度,首次检测在制品外形L值(亮度)、a值(红度)、b值(黄度)和△E值(总色差),汤色LC值(总汤色值)、LL值(汤色透亮度)、La值(汤色红度)和Lb值(汤色黄度)等色泽属性,以及TFs(茶黄素)、TRs(茶红素)和TBs(茶褐素)等品质成分的动态变化,建立3类指标的相关性。结果表明,发酵的进行会导致外形色泽L值、b值的下降,a值的增加,汤色LC值、La值和Lb值的先升后降,LL值的下降,各色泽属性的剧变期均发生在前90 min;不同温度比较,低温(25或30℃)有利于外形亮度L值、外形黄度b值、总汤色LC值、汤色黄度Lb值和汤色红度La的值的稳定,高温(35℃)有利于外形红度a值和汤色透亮度LL值的增加。品质成分TFs和TRs均呈先增后降的趋势,然茶红素峰值点出现时间晚于茶黄素,整体上以25℃发酵有利于TFs的形成和累积,而30℃发酵有利于TRs累积。相关性分析表明,TFs和TRs均与TFRB(茶黄素和茶红素之和与茶褐素的比值)呈极显著正相关,TFRB值较TFR值(茶红素与茶黄素的比值)更可有效代表茶黄素和茶红素在叶内的贡献表征;外形色泽属性与汤色色泽属性间呈极显著相关性,TFs与L值、b值、Lb值呈极显著正相关,与LC值、La值呈显著正相关,TRs仅与a值和Lb值呈显著正相关。通过线性回归分析获得了以LL值、Lb值和b值为变量的茶黄素回归模型,R2达到0.804,结合回归模型和相关性结果可以看出外形黄度b值最为关键,可作为判断发酵适度和衡量茶黄素含量的关键指标。     

成型和灼烧温度对垃圾衍生燃料灰渣理化特性的影响

以生活垃圾衍生燃料(refuse derived fuel,RDF)为研究对象,通过挤压成型的RDF与非成型的RDF在600~1 100℃条件下灼烧,所产生的灰渣进行质量、粒径、化学成分等特性进行分析,探索RDF灰渣随温度变化的规律以及潜在的应用价值。研究结果表明,在1 000℃以下,RDF灰渣随着温度提高,灰分组分发生分解反应,主要是残余有机物、碳酸盐、硫酸盐的分解,灰渣粒径减小;当温度升至1 000℃以上,灰分组分发生化合反应,生成产物以复合硅酸盐为主,灰渣粒径增大甚至结块;灰渣在化学反应过程中,非金属元素C,Cl,S转化为气体化合物逸出主体,使灰渣质量减小;成型RDF灰渣晶体含量比非成型RDF高;成型RDF灰渣粒径比非成型RDF灰渣大。     

Effect of cold-anesthetization rate on blood biochemical parameters and muscle composition during live channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus waterless preservation

Fisheries Science - Cold-anesthetization waterless live fish preservation is considered a promising alternative strategy. This work investigates the effects of temperature chilling rates of 2, 4,...     

Dietary nucleotide‐rich yeast supplementation improves growth,innate immunity and intestinal morphology of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotide (NT)‐rich yeast supplementation on growth, innate immunity and intestinal morphology in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated to contain 0 (control), 10, 30 and 50 g/kg of NT‐rich yeast, respectively. A total of 480 shrimp with an average initial body weight of 1.86 ± 0.02 g were randomly allocated into four groups, with four replicates per group and 30 shrimp each replicate. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diet containing 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast had significantly higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than those fed the control diet, and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the shrimp fed the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast supplemental diet. However, there was no significant difference in survival among all treatments. The crude protein of whole shrimp in the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group was higher than that in the control group. Total protein, triglyceride concentrations, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum were significantly influenced by the dietary NT‐rich yeast supplementation. The activities of serum phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme (LZM) of shrimp fed the diet containing 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast were higher than those in shrimp fed the other diets. Relative expressions of alp and lzm significantly upregulated in the 30 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group compared to the control group. The intestinal fold height and fold width in the 30 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group were significantly higher than those fed the control diet; and the highest microvillus height occurred in the shrimp fed the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast diet. In summary, dietary 30–50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast supplementation promotes growth performance, enhances innate immunity and improves intestinal morphology of Litopenaeus vannamei.