现行农地使用权流转的模式比较及效应评价

农地使用权模式主要分为分散式流转和集中流转,不同流转模式有其优缺点和适宜区域。研究发现分散流转自由灵活,在大部分地区,尤其是经济不发达和欠发达的地区占据"主要角色",而工业化、城市化对农村劳动力拉动较大的区域适宜集中流转。文章选择了典型地区评价不同农地流转模式的效应,研究发现,浙江等沿海发达地区采用集中流转取得了显著经济效益,流转率也比较高;而河北等粮食主产区域流转率不高,效益也不明显,提出了农地流转模式的发展方向与政策建议。  

粮豆轮作补贴政策效果及影响因素分析——以黑龙江省海伦市和嫩江县为例

随着耕地轮作休耕制度试点的推进,轮作补贴是否真正起到作用,及其制度试点效果如何等问题成为政策制定者及社会各界高度关注的热点。本文以黑龙江省为例,基于轮作试点区农户调研微观数据,运用Heckman两阶段模型和Tobit模型,分析轮作补贴对轮作试点区农户轮作行为和农户经营效率的影响,探讨轮作政策下农业经营效率的影响因素。结果表明,78.63%的农户认为有必要进行轮作,63.63%的农户认为轮作能够改善耕地质量;轮作补贴对于农户轮作行为有显著的正向影响,轮作补贴每增加1个单位,农户进行轮作概率增加0.3%;轮作补贴对经营效率改进并不明显,经营效率更多的还是受劳动力成本、农业经营利润、农业直接投入和农业保险费的影响。因此,为进一步推进轮作试点的实施,完善耕地生态补偿机制,提出3点建议:1)补贴标准可以通过拓宽轮作补贴来源方式加以提高;2)补贴侧重点仍应聚焦于新型农业经营主体;3)轮作补贴的模式要与提高科技水平相结合。  

重庆市黔江区生态农业发展的主要模式分析

总结了黔江区近几年的特色生态农业发展模式,主要包括粮经立体种植型、林果药复种型、猪—沼—果（茶、菜、药）三位一体型、节水农业型、高效农业园区型5种模式.不同模式的规模、结构、效益不同,不同地区应因地制宜选择适合本地的发展模式.  

耕地总体质量提高重于面积增减数量平衡

由于各地采取节流与开源措施,使耕地面积持续减少的局面得到了遏制,有关一些地区实现了耕地面积增减数量平衡的报道日趋增多.然而,分析结果表明,由于减少的多为良田,而增加的多为低产地,所以耕地面积增减数量平衡并不意味着能保障耕地产出能力的平衡.因此,加强现有耕地的保护与整治,确保耕地总体质量提高重于耕地面积增减数量平衡.  

当前中国耕地占补平衡的宏观形势与特征

中国耕地占补平衡制度实施了10年,在控制建设占用耕地和补充耕地数量平衡起到了重要作用,在当前政策和经济背景下耕地占补平衡出现了许多新的特征.此文论述了当前中国耕地占补充平衡中粮食安全与耕地质量建设、土地宏观调控和土地督察制度建立、中国功能区划工作完成和城乡统筹和新农村建设等新宏观形势,分析总结了耕地占补平衡出现了四点特征:(1)耕地实行先补后占,城乡建设用地增减挂钩;(2)新增耕地逐渐由开发为主向土地整理转化;(3)平衡管理由"数量"向"数量质量"平衡,由"区域平衡"向"项目平衡"转化;(4)耕地后备库"批、供、用、补"信息化管理.  

冀、鲁、豫三省粮食生产的态势、优势、问题与对策

从冀、鲁、豫三省2004年农业总体概况出发,研究了冀、鲁、豫三省从1980—2004年间粮食生产态势、粮食生产的综合比较优势,剖析了三个省粮食生产中存在的主要问题,并提出积极的解决对策。  

中国东北三省粮食生产的态势、优势、问题与对策

在分析2004年东北三省农业总体概况的基础上,通过对中国东北地区黑、吉、辽三个省1980—2004年间粮食生产态势、粮食生产的比较优势等问题的研究,找出影响东北地区粮食生产的主要问题,并提出了积极的解决对策。  

中国粮食主产区主要粮食作物比较优势与发展对策研究

粮食生产的发展受多种因素的综合作用,首先分析了自然、经济、社会等因素对粮食生产的影响,在此基础上,研究了中国长江中下游流域、黄淮海流域和东北三省三大粮食主产区1979—2003年间不同作物在不同区域的单产比较优势、规模比较优势和综合比较优势,总结了五大粮食作物不同区域的优势表现。最后提出发挥中国粮食主产区比较优势,提高中国粮食主产区粮食综合生产能力的思路与对策。  

A Comparative Study Between China and Germany on the Control System for Agricultural Source Pollution

A lot of studies has demonstrated that preventing nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural production into water and atmospheric environments has become one of the largest challenges facing modern agriculture. In order to understand status and problems existing in pollution control from agricultural sources in China, a comparative study between China and Germany on the control systems for agricultural source pollution was carried out. The relevant laws, regulations and technical standards issued by China and Germany were reviewed and summarized, and implementation effects of these regulations in recent years were compared. Study showed that similar to China, because of the short of per capita arable land resources in Germany, the family farm has been the main management form for agriculture in Germany. Farmers in Germany had always to face several problems, such as relatively small management scale, scattered fields, high risks and low profits, due to meteorological and marketing uncertainties. Financial subsidy by government has been essential to farmer’s surviving and agricultural development in Germany. Thus, attentions should always be paid not only on environmental objectives, but also on farmer’s interests, agricultural surviving and food security. In such conditions, main approach for agricultural source pollution control was to establish and running the control system and mechanisms with institutional guarantee, instead of simply adopting administrative punitive measures to farmers, such as closing, stopping, merging and turning over. For improving farmer’s knowledge and techniques of fertilization with the purpose to cut down fertilizer application amount, the most effective way was to design a complete quantitative criterions for best farmer’s fertilization practices with differentiated regions and classes’ specifications. These simple quantitative criterions were easy to be understood by farmers and applicable to soil and climate conditions in different regions. Subsequently, these quantitative criterions were easy to be disseminated and have contributed greatly in improving crop yield by decreased fertilizer application. For prevention of nitrogen and phosphorus releasing from agriculture into water and atmosphere, main measures in Germany were establishing and implementing a series of technical specifications with legal restriction and punishments, in which nitrogen input, nitrogen and phosphorus surplus of crop land, fertilizing seasons, fertilizing approach as well as crop rotations were clearly regulated. At the same time, new and more effective monitoring and management methods have been studied continuously in the purpose to enhance economic leverage’s role, to encourage and to help farmers for accepting more accurate and environmentally friendly technique alternatives. Through implementing agricultural source pollution control strategies, the fertilizer input of Germany has been reduced by 50% since the 1980s. The average fertilizer application amount in terms of farmland area (arable land area and long-term crop area) has been reduced from 404 kg·hm ^-2 to 192 kg·hm ^-2, which was 53% of the current value of China. In the same period, the average grain yield in Germany increased by 56%, from 4 779 kg·hm ^-2 to 7 464 kg·hm ^-2, which was about 37% higher than the current value of China. For improving farmer’s knowledge and techniques of fertilization with the purpose to cut down fertilizer application amount, the most effective approach was to design and complete a set of quantitative criterions for best farmer’s fertilization practices with differentiated regions and classes’ specifications. These simple quantitative criterions were easy to be understand by the farmers and applicable to soil and climate conditions in different regions. Subsequently, these quantitative criterions were easy to be disseminated and played important role in improving farmers' fertilization techniques and increasing crop yield continuously by decreased fertilizer amount. Up to now, there has been a lack of quantitative criterions for best fertilization practices designed for farmers in China, which were suitable for farmers' cognition and direct use. Also, there has been no technical specifications related to the national and local government's reward and punishment policies issued. Whether in nationwide or in a watershed case, it was still difficult to operate agricultural source pollution control with institutional guarantee. The area of vegetable, fruit, flowers and other cash crops accounted for 23.6% of the total cropping area in China, which was very common for farmers to apply fertilizer blindly or excessively. In such crop field, the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient surplus far exceeds the environmental safety limit (50 kg N·hm ^-2, 10 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2) given by German fertilizer regulations. Up to now, there has been a lack of quantitative criterions for the best fertilization practices designed for farmers in China, which were suitable for farmers' cognition and direct use. Also, there has been no technical specifications issued, which was related to the state or local government's reward and punishment policies for environment protection. Whether in nationwide or in a watershed case, it was still difficult to operate agricultural source pollution control with institutional guarantee. Analysis showed that the core for agricultural source pollution control was to issue and implement relevant laws, regulations, technical standards and monitoring methods by innovative research works. In recent years, however, the concerning research work has been weakened up due to homogenization and fragmentation of the research institutions, who are originally specialized for applied research works for soil and fertilization. Also, the quantitative evaluation system for scientific contribution and the excessive dependence on papers with high SCI-index has negative influences on the researches for practical use. This needs to be improved urgently.  

我国玉米种植的优势分析

近年来玉米高价格、高产量、高库存现象十分突出,有观点认为我国玉米生产已不具优势,呼吁大幅减少玉米种植,降低玉米自给率。然而从经济、生态角度来看,我国玉米生产仍然有很强的优势。通过对玉米与其他作物、我国玉米与其他国家玉米进行比较,从种植范围、增产潜力、成本效益、市场需求前景和灌溉需水量5个方面对玉米种植优势进行分析。结果表明,我国玉米种植区域广泛,单产潜力较大;种植效益相对其他旱田粮食作物好,且和发达国家相比成本有很大的降低空间;市场需求广泛,饲用玉米将成为未来主要需求;灌溉需水较少且水资源利用效率高,有助于区域水资源节约。我国应发挥上述玉米优势,从长远看,不应放松玉米生产。