LCA-Based Assessment of Hulunber Ecological Grassland Technology Integration Demonstration

【Objective】 This study evaluated the comprehensive environmental effect of the process of intensive cow breeding-livestock manure utilization-natural grassland improvement. 【Method】 At first, the life cycle inventory of the milk produced under different dairy cattle cultivation modes was established. Then the comprehensive environment effects (greenhouse gas emissions, land occupation, water consumption and non-renewable energy consumption) and overall economic benefits in the whole life cycle of milk production were quantitatively analyzed by combining the experimental data of intensive cow breeding, manure utilization (including microbial fermentation organic fertilizer, earthworm breeding organic fertilizer, and mushroom breeding) and natural grassland improvement with the input data of local animal production and management. The function unit was 1 ton of standard milk (FPCM) in this analysis. 【Result】 The results showed that the mean gross income of local herdsmen’s grazing farms and intensive dairy farms was 8 900 yuan and 211 yuan per adult cow, respectively. If the operating cost was deducted, the net income of each adult cow in the two modes was 4 200 yuan (herdsmen’s grazing farm) and 4 100 yuan (intensive farm), respectively. The environmental impact caused by the production of 1 ton FPCM in intensive farm was 1.19 hm² of grassland, 0.15 hm² of arable land, 216.47 t of water, 1 944.19 MJ of fossil fuel and 0.73 t of CO_2eq of greenhouse gas. In addition to the grassland area (3.25 hm²), the environmental impact of milk production by herdsmen’s grazing farms were less than that of intensive dairy farms (0.04 hm² of cultivated land, 70.70 t of water, 892.80 MJ of fossil fuel and 0.55 t of CO_2eq greenhouse gas). Natural clipped grassland improvement could significantly increase the hay yield per hectare grassland (increased for 68.57%) and income (increased for 10.71%), it could reduce the grassland area occupied by 40.50%, but the increase of fertilization and fuel consumption in the improvement would cause environmental problems (such as more greenhouse gas emissions 17.70 times) and more fuel consumption (2.10 times). In terms of the application of livestock manure treatment and utilization technology, the cattle manure produced by intensive farms was treated and utilized through microbial fermentation, earthworm treatment and mushroom cultivation, the net income generated was equivalent to about 5%-12% of the net income generated by milk production, and the overall environmental impact was relatively small. 【Conclusion】 Intensive farms had obvious advantages in improving grassland utilization efficiency, and had great potential in improving feed energy conversion efficiency, as well as milk yield and quality. However, intensive dairy farming would increase the planting area of alfalfa, oats and other high protein forages, and cause adverse environmental effects such as more greenhouse gas emissions, more water and energy consumption. In addition, the technology of natural grassland improvement and livestock manure treatment and utilization had great application potential in Hulunber animal husbandry.  

Research Progress and Prospect of Life Cycle Assessment in Animal Husbandry

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a generally accepted method to evaluate the overall environmental burden and production efficiency during the entire life cycle of a product, which is widely used for production management structure optimization in the enterprises and policy formulation in governments. In recent years, for food safety and environmental protection considerations, more and more studies emphasize that the LCA method should be used in animal husbandry to comprehensively assess the environmental burden and resources consumption during the animal-source food production. In China, LCA research and application of animal husbandry are rare, especially in the northern grassland pastoral area, which are the main livestock produce region, and no LCA research on the local livestock production system has been carried out. This paper reviewed the framework and research status of livestock production LCA methods on the main sections and processes, including (1) the goal and scope definition of livestock husbandry LCA; (2) life cycle inventory (LCI); and (3) life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Through review the domestic and foreign LCA literatures on animal husbandry production, we noticed that the frame and methodology of animal husbandry LCA had been constructed well in developed country. It had an importance instructing significance for the research and practical application of Chinese animal husbandry LCA. However, we also needed to recognize that due to the differences in the specific situations of the livestock industry between domestic and foreign country, foreign LCA experience should not be applied directly in China. First of all, in the northern pastoral areas of China, family farm is the main production system mode of local livestock production, unclear boundaries between herdsmen's life needs and livestock production inputs exist in this system, therefore, it is difficult to apply the foreign experiences directly. Secondly, it is really a challenge to collect the data required for livestock husbandry LCA, which is the biggest restrictive factor of LCA application in livestock production in China. Third, compared with the animal husbandry developed countries, such as European countries, the United States and Australia, due to the gaps in livestock production technology and management methods, the livestock production in the northern pastoral areas of China is affected more by natural factors, such as precipitation, and various marketing factors, including the market supplies and demands. This is also an important issue that must be considered in the research and application of animal husbandry LCA in China. In order to widely practice Chinese livestock husbandry LCA, the following aspects should be improved: (1) the investigation about material input and output of livestock husbandry production in the northern pastoral areas of China should be carried out to collect necessary data; (2) the Chinese animal husbandry LCA database should be established in order to improve the accuracy of livestock husbandry LCA; and (3) we should strengthen the interdisciplinary study to clarify the natural and social driving factors in the development of animal husbandry, and to provide data reference and technology support for the sustainable development of animal husbandry in the northern pastoral areas of China.  

农产品区域品牌建设问题研究——以山东昌乐西瓜为例

农产品区域品牌是一个区域内农业生产经营者所用的公共品牌标志.通过对山东省昌乐西瓜区域品牌建设的实地走访和问卷调查,运用统计分析,得出以下结论：昌乐西瓜具备创立区域品牌的优势基础条件,但同时也面临着政府失位、品牌认知度低等问题.针对存在的问题,提出了相应的政策建议.  

皖浙两省宠物犬海氏哈曼德(Hammondia heydorni) 球虫的分子鉴定

确定皖浙两省宠物犬海氏哈曼德（Hammondia heydorni）球虫的感染情况。从安徽多地和浙江杭州共采集315份新鲜宠物犬粪样，提取粪便样本基因组DNA，所有样品先采用基于海氏哈曼德球虫/犬神经孢子虫 （H. heydorni/N. caninum）ITS1 基因的通用引物进行PCR检测，对获得的阳性扩增产物进行测序和分析，随后对阳性样品用海氏哈曼德球虫的特异性PCR引物进行扩增验证。PCR检测及序列分析发现315份粪便样本中有2个海氏哈曼德球虫阳性样本，其自然感染率为0.63%。皖浙两省宠物犬有海氏哈曼德球虫感染，但感染率低。  

案例教学法在动物寄生虫病学教学中的应用

动物寄生虫病学是动物医学专业的一门主干课程.为加深学生对动物寄生虫病相关知识的理解,培养其临床思维,提高学习兴趣和积极性,锻炼综合能力,在动物寄生虫教学活动中通过案例设计、案例布置、案例实施、教师点评等措施打造出适合动物寄生虫病学案例教学方式.结果表明:该教学方法能够培养学生独立分析和解决问题的能力,提高掌握知识点的深度,调动课堂积极性,激发学生的学习兴趣,增加团队协作能力,学生反映良好,是一种适合动物寄生虫病学课程的教学方法,可为地方应用型高校动物医学相关专业教学提供参考.  

LCA研究方法及其在农业中的应用潜力分析

【目的 】 生命周期评价（Life cycle assessment，LCA）方法是目前评价产品生产或服务过程环境影响的重要工具，逐渐被应用于农业研究中。文章通过介绍该方法，综述目前生命周期评价软件和数据库的发展情况，分析该方法在农业生产碳核算中的应用潜力，为我国农业碳减排和可持续发展提供技术支持。 【方法 】 该文通过数据库文献检索和网络数据资料收集，从多角度对生命周期评价的发展现状进行介绍。 【结果 】 目前我国在LCA方法及LCA在农业中的研究应用中取得一定成果，填补LCA软件和数据库的空白，但LCA在农业上有广阔的应用前景，仍需进一步深入发展研究。 【结论 】 后续工作应继续完善我国LCA基础数据库，收集并补充我国相关数据，加强本地化软件工具的研发，继续推动LCA在农业层面的发展应用，建立符合我国国情的环境影响评价体系。