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1.
  【目的】  研究冠层光谱技术在蔬菜氮素营养诊断中应用的可行性和提高其准确性的方法,为推进蔬菜氮素营养管理与施肥推荐提供快速无损检测技术。  【方法】  以茎菜类蔬菜—莴苣 (Lactuca sativa L.) 为研究对象进行田间试验。设置5个化肥年施用梯度:0、108、162、216、270 kg/hm2,在莴苣幼苗期、莲座期、茎形成期和收获期,利用GreenSeeker冠层光谱仪获取冠层光谱特征值—植被归一化指数 (NDVI) 和比值植被指数 (RVI),并测定植株生物量和含氮量。评估用生育期NDVI和RVI值预测蔬菜生物量和氮素营养的可行性与准确性,并验证用移栽天数校正提高全生育期光谱值预测精度的可行性。  【结果】  NDVI和RVI与莴苣地上部生物量 (AGB)、根冠比 (RTS)、植株吸氮量 (PNU) 和植株氮浓度 (PNC) 等指标间均存在显著相关关系,尤其以NDVI相关性更高。相关性分析结果表明,NDVI与AGB和PNU呈正相关,相关系数分别介于0.779~0.945和0.819~0.938;与RTS和PNC呈负相关,相关性系数介于–0.367~–0.844和–0.328~–0.732。对比不同时期,莲座期和茎形成期的NDVI值对莴苣生物量和氮素营养指标预测的准确性较高,对AGB、RTS、PNU和PNC预测准确性分别为0.76~0.92、0.37~0.71、0.77~0.88和0.34~0.54。利用两年NDVI值建立各时期莴苣生物量和氮素营养状况统一预测方程,莲座期方程最为准确,对AGB、RTS、PNU、PNC预测准确性分别为73%、48%、52%、31%。综合全生育预测方程,冠层光谱仪测定的NDVI值对莴苣生物量和氮素营养预测指标的准确性较高,基于NDVI值的AGB、RTS、PNU和PNC预测方程准确度分别为54%、43%、57%和26%。引入移栽天数 (DAT) 对该预测方程进行校正后,AGB、PNU和PNC预测方程的准确度分别提高至62%、71%和34%。  【结论】  基于冠层光谱仪测定的各生育期的植被归一化指数 (NDVI) 可准确预测莴苣的生物量和氮素营养状况,尤以莲座期的预测结果最为准确。经移栽天数 (DAT) 校正后,基于全生育期的NDVI值建立的预测方程对AGB、PNU的预测准确度可分别提高到62%和71%,基本满足莴苣类低覆盖度蔬菜作物的氮素营养管理。  相似文献   
2.
为深入理解未来大气CO2浓度升高背景下草地生态系统结构与功能响应土壤磷亏缺的潜在机理,该研究利用可精准控制CO2浓度的大型人工气候室,探讨了正常CO2浓度400 μmol/mol、升高CO2浓度800 μmol/mol和磷素供应水平(0.004、0.012、0.02、0.06、0.1和0.5 mmol/L)对黑麦草气孔特征及其气体交换过程的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高使供磷水平0.1和0.5 mmol/L的气孔密度增加约35%(P=0.012)和25%(P<0.001),但却减小气孔开度13%(P=0.002)和12%(P=0.005),且导致供磷水平为0.06 mmol/L的黑麦草气孔分布更加规则。同时,CO2浓度升高还导致供磷水平0.1和0.5 mmol/L的净光合速率显著增加8.6%(P=0.002)和15.8%(P<0.001),从而提高黑麦草的水分利用效率。另外,不同供磷水平明显改变了植株生物量及其分配,且高浓度CO2对较高磷水平时地上生长产生更强的施肥效应。研究结果将为深入理解草地生态系统对大气CO2浓度升高和土壤磷素亏缺的响应机理提供理论依据和数据支撑。  相似文献   
3.
为研究夹砂层耕地水分利用规律,以河套灌区典型夹砂层土壤耕地为研究对象,利用在春玉米生育期田间监测数据,应用土壤水分运动数值模型,探究对夹砂层土壤田间蒸散发、作物耗水及深层土壤水分的补给与深层渗漏规律。选择2种土壤的夹砂层埋深梯度S1(40~95 cm)、S2(60~110 cm),设置了3个灌水水平W1(252.5 mm)、W2(315.85 mm)、W3(378.75 mm)开展田间试验,同不含夹砂层处理B作对照,并应用HYDRUS-1D模型模拟春玉米生育期田间蒸散发,土壤水分深层渗漏及地下水补给耕层水量与根系吸水量,与不含夹砂层处理对比分析夹砂层对田间水分利用影响。结果表明:随着砂层埋深增加,棵间蒸发损失减小,叶面蒸腾水量增加;不含夹砂层处理玉米田间毛管向上补给水量较浅埋砂层与深埋砂层处理分别大57.01%、118.53%,灌水量为315.85 mm时含夹砂层处理的土壤水分深层渗漏最小;玉米生育期内根系吸水量随砂层埋深的增加而减少,不含夹砂层处理根系吸水量最大。浅埋砂层与深埋砂层处理分别为蒸散量的55.51%、61.31%,不含夹砂层处理为66.69%;暂时性亏缺水量从大到小依次为:S2、S1、B,水分从大到小依次为:B、S2、S1。综合考虑夹砂层土壤水分迁移、作物水分利用规律,建议在夹砂层耕地春玉米灌溉根据砂层分布因地制宜定灌溉制度,当夹砂层埋深在40~110 cm范围时,推荐春玉米在生育期灌溉定额为315.85 mm。该研究结果可为河套灌区含有夹砂层农田灌溉制度的制定提供理论指导。  相似文献   
4.
The quality and safety of agricultural products is the technique focus of the strategy of rural vitaliza⁃tion. Carbamate pesticide residues are seriously threatening the safety of agricultural product and human life and health. Nowadays, the common detection methods are instrument-based for carbamate pesticide residue, which dis⁃ satisfy the request of an on-site rapid, sensitive and simultaneous detection for multiple carbamate pesticide resi⁃ dues. Based on the home-made monoclonal antibodies against carbofuran and carbaryl respectivity, a microarray for rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple carbamate pesticide residues was developed within 30 min. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection(LODs)were found to be 0.11 and 0.09 ng/g, while the linear ranges were 0.33-3000 and 0.18-1500 ng/g for carbofuran and carbaryl respectively. By using spiked peanut samples, it recorded recoveries of 88.4%-98.3%, 90.1%-118.8% for carbofuran and carbaryl respectively. The RSD of intraarray were found at 9.0%, 3.5%, while the RSD of inter-array were recorded at 12.3%, 16.3% respectively. The de⁃ tection results of the microarray were highly consistent with that of HPLC-MS/MS. This proposed microarray provid⁃ ed an on-site high-sensitivity, simultaneous and rapid detection of carbofuran and carbaryl, and could be widely used in the fields of agricultural product quality safety, food safety and environmental monitoring.  相似文献   
5.
旨在对制备的甘露糖修饰的壳聚糖聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide),PLGA]纳米微球作为口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV)核酸疫苗递送载体进行评价。采用西佛碱反应和元素分析制备具有一定取代度的甘露糖修饰的壳聚糖衍生物(mannose modified chitosan,MCS),然后,经双重乳化挥发法制备得到甘露糖修饰的壳聚糖PLGA纳米微球(MCS-PLGA-NPs)。采用纳米粒径仪检测MCS-PLGA-NPs粒径分布和表面电势(zeta)、扫描电镜考察其形态、琼脂糖凝胶电泳观察其对质粒的吸附和吸附质粒后抵抗核酸酶降解能力、CCK-8法检测MCS-PLGA-NPs的细胞毒性、激光共聚焦观察巨噬细胞对MCS-PLGA-NPs-质粒DNA复合物的摄取、荧光显微镜和Western blot验证MCS-PLGA-NPs加载质粒DNA在细胞中的表达。元素分析结果表明,成功制备了取代度为5%~10%的MCS。纳米粒径测定和扫描电镜结果表明,MCS-PLGA-NPs的zeta为正值、粒径分布均匀且形态规则呈球形。琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示,MCS-PLGA-NPs吸附质粒的能力随着其质量的增加而增强并且可以在一定程度上抵抗核酸酶降解质粒DNA。在细胞毒性试验中,不同浓度的MCS-PLGA-NPs与RAW264.7细胞共孵育24 h后,细胞存活率仍在85%以上。在细胞摄取试验中,用激光共聚焦显微镜可以明显观察到质粒DNA结合到纳米微球表面被RAW264.7细胞摄取。荧光显微镜和Western blot试验证明MCS-PLGA-NPs加载质粒DNA可以在细胞中进行表达。综上表明,本研究成功制备了MCS以及具有递送核酸疫苗能力的MCS-PLGA-NPs,为FMDV核酸疫苗的递送研究提供了新的方向和见解,也为该递送载体携带特定抗原靶向抗原递呈细胞表面甘露糖受体以及应用于动物免疫的研究奠定基础。  相似文献   
6.
In an attempt to identify solutions to the effects of erratic rainfall patterns and droughts that limit agricultural production growth, the Rwandan government has recently increased investments in irrigation development. In this study, we analyze the adoption of small-scale irrigation technologies (SSITs) and its impact on land productivity using cross-sectional data from a sample of 360 farmers in Rwanda. The study uses the propensity score matching technique to address potential self-selection bias. Our results reveal that adoption decisions are significantly influenced by factors such as education, farm size, group membership, gender, extension services, access to credit, access to weather forecast information, risk perceptions, access to a reliable source of water for irrigation, awareness of rainwater harvesting techniques, and awareness of subsidy programs. In addition, the results show that the adoption of SSITs has a significantly positive impact on land productivity. The study concludes with policy implications that highlight the need to promote the adoption of SSITs among farmers as a strategy to improve agricultural productivity and food security in Rwanda.  相似文献   
7.
祁连山东段高寒植被类型对土壤理化特征的影响   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
[目的]探讨祁连山东段不同高寒植物的土壤理化特征,为区域水资源合理利用提供理论依据。[方法]对祁连山东段6种灌丛植被和高寒草地的土壤基本性状、土壤持水能力和土壤渗透性进行了相关指标的测定。[结果]①祁连山东段高寒植被的土壤容重随着土层深度的增加而增大,土壤含水量则随着土层深度的增加而降低。②祁连山东段土壤总孔隙度随着土层深度的增加而减小,毛管孔隙和非毛管孔隙无明显的垂直变化规律;③祁连山东段土壤最大持水量随着土层深度的增加而递增,土壤毛管持水量表现为先减少后增加的变化趋势;土壤非毛管持水量变化规律则不太明显。④祁连山东段土壤初渗透率(0.58~2.81 mm/min)高于平均渗透率(0.05~1.26 mm/min)和稳渗透率(0.04~1.31 mm/min),6种高寒植被的土壤初渗透率表现为高寒草地>山生柳>硬叶柳>绣线菊>千里香杜鹃>金露梅>头花杜鹃;平均渗透率表现为绣线菊>金露梅>千里香杜鹃>山生柳>硬叶柳>高寒草地>头花杜鹃;稳渗透率表现为绣线菊>金露梅>千里香杜鹃>山生柳>硬叶柳>头花杜鹃灌丛>高寒草地。[结论]研究区域高寒植物类型的不同会对该区域土壤理化特征产生不同影响,即土壤理化特征与植物之间存在相互联系与相互作用的关系。  相似文献   
8.
Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.  相似文献   
9.
Quantification of currently attainable yield and fertilizer requirements can provide detailed information for assessing the food supply capacity and offer data support for agricultural decision-making. Datasets from a total of 5 408 field experiments were collected from 2000 to 2015 across the major wheat production regions in China to analyze the spatial distribution of wheat yield, the soil nutrient supply capacity(represented by relative yield, defined as the ratio of the yield under the omission of one of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) to the yield under the full NPK fertilizer application), and N, P and K fertilizer requirements by combining the kriging interpolation method with the Nutrient Expert Decision Support System for Wheat. The results indicated that the average attainable yield was 6.4 t ha~(-1), with a coefficient of variation(CV) of 24.9% across all sites. The yields in North-central China(NCC) and the northern part of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLYR) were generally higher than 7 t ha~(-1), whereas the yields in Southwest China(SWC), Northeast China(NEC), and the eastern part of Northwest China(NWC) were usually less than 6 t ha~(-1). The precentage of area having a relative yield above 0.70, 0.85, and 0.85 for N, P, and K fertilizers accounted for 52.3, 74.7, and 95.9%, respectively. Variation existed in N, P, and K fertilizer requirements, with a CV of 24.8, 23.9, and 29.9%, respectively, across all sites. More fertilizer was needed in NCC and the northern part of the MLYR than in other regions. The average fertilizer requirement was 162, 72, and 57 kg ha~(-1) for N, P_2O_5, and K_2O fertilizers, respectively, across all sites. The incorporation of the spatial variation of attainable yield and fertilizer requirements into wheat production practices would benefit sustainable wheat production and environmental safety.  相似文献   
10.
在丝绸之路经济带的大背景下,中国农产品的贸易发展速度加快,经济链条得到延伸。陕西省作为丝路经济带的起点,其农产品的发展却面临着来自国内外农产品的强力冲击,为了能够更好地满足经济全球化的市场需求,促进我国农业经济的发展,强化对于陕西省农产品的品牌建设。本文通过对陕西省农产品品牌现状的分析,围绕品牌观念、技术支撑、市场开发三个方面,基于政府和企业角度探讨陕西省农产品品牌建设的对策,并据此提出了加快陕西省特色农产品品牌发展的建议,以期对陕西省农产品品牌建设提供创新思路。  相似文献   
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