滴灌条件下水土温度对覆砂土壤水热运移影响的数值模拟

为探究滴灌条件下水温与土温对覆砂土壤水热运移规律的影响,基于HYDRUS-2D构建了不同水土温度土壤水热运移数值模型,模拟分析了不同水土温度对覆砂土壤水分、温度动态变化的影响。结果表明:灌溉水温对土壤水热分布影响显著,随着温度升高,土壤湿润体内含水率减小,表现为35℃水温20℃水温5℃水温,灌溉水温对土壤剖面温度分布也有较大影响,表层0—15 cm范围内温度变化了5～10℃。相同水温条件下,随着土壤温度升高,土壤饱和导水率增大,湿润土体内体积含水率减小,表现为30℃土壤温度15℃土壤温度5℃土壤温度。滴灌水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离随温度升高而增大,湿润锋运移距离与时间符合幂函数F=at~b,决定系数R~2介于0.977 4～0.999 6,并建立了水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间和温度的关系模型。以期为西北干旱地区砂石覆盖生态农业的合理补灌提供理论指导。     

Growth,yield and water productivity of dry direct seeded rice and transplanted aromatic rice under different irrigation management regimes

Sustainability of traditionally cultivated rice in the rice-wheat cropping zone (RWCZ) of Pakistan is dwindling due to the high cost of production, declining water resources and escalating labour availability. Thus, farmers and researchers are compelled to find promising alternatives to traditional transplanted rice (TPR). A field study was conducted in Punjab, Pakistan, in 2017 and 2018 to explore the trade-offs between water saving and paddy yield, water productivity and economics of two aromatic rice varieties under dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) and TPR. The experiment was comprised of three irrigation regimes on the basis of soil moisture tension (SMT) viz., continuous flooded (>−10 kPa SMT), alternate wetting and drying (AWD) (−20 kPa SMT) and aerobic rice (−40 kPa SMT), maintained under TPR and DDSR systems. Two aromatic rice verities: Basmati-515 and Chenab Basmati-2016 were used during both years of study. In both years, DDSR produced higher yields (13–18%) and reduced the total water inputs (8–12%) in comparison to TPR. In comparison to traditional continuous flooded (CF), AWD under DDSR reduced total water input by 27–29% and improved the leaf area index (LAI), tillering, yield (7–9%), and water productivity (44–50%). The performance of AWD with regard to water savings and increased productivity was much higher in DDSR system as compared to AWD in TPR system. Cultivation of DDSR with aerobic irrigation improved water savings (49–55%) and water productivity (22–30%) at the expense of paddy yield reduction (36–39%) and spikelet sterility. With regard to variety, the highest paddy yield (6.6 and 6.7 t ha⁻¹) was recorded in DDSR using Chenab Basmati-2016 under AWD irrigation threshold that attributed to high tiller density and LAI. The economic analysis showed DDSR as more beneficial rice establishment method than TPR with a high benefit-cost ratio (BCR) when the crop was irrigated with AWD irrigation threshold. Our results highlighted that with the use of short duration varieties, DDSR cultivation in conjunction with AWD irrigation can be more beneficial for higher productivity and crop yield.     

干湿交替灌溉对抗旱性不同水稻品种产量的影响及其生理原因分析

【目的】旨在阐明全生育期干湿交替灌溉对抗旱性不同水稻品种产量的影响。【方法】以抗旱性差异显著的4个水稻品种(籼稻扬稻6号和两优培九,粳稻旱优8号和镇稻88)为材料,以常规水层灌溉(CI)为对照,在盆栽条件下研究了轻干湿交替灌溉(WMD)和重干湿交替灌溉(WSD)对水稻产量、根系、叶片及籽粒部分生理特性的影响。【结果】与CI相比,WMD处理下抗旱性较强品种扬稻6号和旱优8号产量分别提高6.90%和7.45%,抗旱性较弱品种两优培九和镇稻88产量分别降低7.28%和8.10%。WSD处理下,4个水稻品种的产量均显著下降,抗旱性较弱的品种产量降幅远高于抗旱性较强的水稻品种。WMD处理下,扬稻6号和旱优8号复水后根系氧化力、根系与叶片细胞分裂素(玉米素+玉米素核苷)含量、叶片光合速率和籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶的活性均较CI有不同程度提高,而两优培九和镇稻88上述指标则与CI持平或有不同程度降低。WSD处理下,4个品种上述指标均较CI不同程度降低。【结论】轻干湿交替灌溉条件下,根系活性强、叶片细胞分裂素含量和光合速率高、籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性强是抗旱性较强水稻品种的基本生理特征。     

含岩屑紫色土水分扩散规律

紫色土中存在的岩屑显著影响土壤水分扩散。以往研究主要集中在> 2 mm岩屑上而忽视了<2 mm岩屑的作用。因此,探讨>2 mm岩屑对紫色土水分扩散的影响基础上,明确<2 mm岩屑的作用对完善含岩屑紫色土水分扩散规律的研究具有重要的意义,从而为土壤水动力学模型的构建提供理论依据。以四川盆地紫色页岩发育的暗棕紫泥土和泥岩发育的红棕紫泥土为研究对象,设置3种岩屑粒径(0.25~2,2~5,5~10 mm)和4种岩屑含量(0,30%,50%,70%),利用水平土柱吸渗法测定含岩屑土壤湿润锋变化特征、水分扩散率D(θ)和土壤含水率θ,并拟合D(θ)、Boltzmann参数λ与θ之间的关系。结果表明:对于暗棕紫泥土,岩屑粒径为2~5 mm时,土壤湿润锋前进速率和D(θ)随岩屑含量增加呈先增加后降低再增加的趋势;岩屑粒径为0.25~2,5~10 mm时,土壤湿润锋前进速率和D(θ)随岩屑含量增加逐渐增加。对于红棕紫泥土,岩屑粒径为2~5,5~10 mm,随岩屑含量增加,70%岩屑含量的土壤D(θ)明显大于其余3个岩屑含量的土壤,而30%岩屑含量和50%岩屑含量土壤之间的D(θ)无显著差异,且土壤湿润锋前进速率均呈先增加后降低再增加的趋势;岩屑粒径为0.25~2 mm时,土壤湿润锋前进速率和D(θ)随岩屑含量增加逐渐增加。因此,随岩屑含量提高,土壤水分扩散速率整体呈现增加趋势;且泥岩发育的土壤水分扩散速率高于页岩发育的土壤。     

Contribution of spray droplet pinning fragmentation to canopy retention

Drop behaviour during impact affects retention. Increasing adhesion is usually seen as an objective when applying crop protection products, while bouncing and shattering are seen as detrimental to spray retention. However, observation of drop impacts on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using high speed shadowgraphy shows that bouncing and fragmentation can occur in Cassie–Baxter as well as in Wenzel wetting regimes. In this last regime, a part of the drop may remain stuck on the surface, contributing to retention. Using simultaneous measurements of drop impacts with high speed imaging and of retention with fluorophotometry for spray mixtures on excised barley leaves using a Teejet 11003 nozzle at 0.2 MPa, it was observed that about 50% of the drops that fragmented in the Wenzel state remain on the horizontal leaf. Depending on the spray mixture, these impact outcomes accounted for 28–46% of retention, the higher contribution being correlated with bigger VMD (Volume Median Diameter). This contribution is not negligible and should be considered when modelling spray retention processes.     

地埋滴灌点源入渗土壤水分运动规律实验研究

通过室内砂土中进行地埋滴灌的实验,对地埋滴灌在砂土中的适应性进行初步研究,为田间试验布置提供依据。通过分析湿润锋的推移速率、特征点的土壤含水率变化规律,发现湿润锋推移速率先是径向大于垂向,随着灌水时间和灌水量增加,水平方向和垂向的湿润锋和含水率趋于平衡。根据对比滴灌带埋深15和20 cm特征点的含水率变化情况,得出埋深15 cm节水效果更好,更利于作物生长。实验还得出湿润比能作为滴灌灌水参数的指标,由于作物种植的间距和作物根系深度之比基本小于1.0,因此在田间实际灌溉中湿润比应控制在1.0左右。     

含水率差值法初探

概述了国内外确定湿润锋面处的有效基质吸力的方法.根据实验数据得知,饱和含水率和初始含水率的差值与湿润锋面处的有效基质吸力S f为成正比的关系,并在此基础上提出了一种求解S f值的新方法,即含水率差值法,由实验数据拟合得到二者的关系式.列出了3种土质的含水率差值法关系式,相关系数均接近于1.表明含水率差值法是目前求解Green-Ampt模型入渗湿润锋面处的有效基质吸力简单和准确的一种方法.     

滴灌土壤水分运动研究进展

滴灌土壤水分运动的研究对于滴灌系统的合理设计有着重要的理论和现实意义。在国内外研究的基础上,概括了在滴灌条件下土壤水分运动规律及其影响因素、湿润体浸润形状、湿润锋的运移规律、点源入渗的几个经典模型及各自的优缺点等方面的研究现状。在此基础上,进一步探讨了滴灌土壤水分运动研究中还存在的问题,如滴灌点源交叉区域内的土壤水分变...     

无压灌溉埋管深度的机理性研究及大田试验

通过室内试验和大田试验,研究了无压灌溉方式下埋管深度对水分运移和作物生长的影响机理。结果表明,在不同埋深时湿润体形状均为球冠,但球冠高度不同;湿润体内含水率均在埋管深度附近达到最大值,并以灌水器所在平面为对称面对称分布;埋管深度对番茄根系的生长分布、早期生物量的积累和后期干物质在果实和茎叶中的分配比例都有影响;埋深10 cm时,番茄的水分利用效率、产量和品质最大,是温室番茄的最佳埋深。     

模拟垄沟灌溉土壤水分入渗特性试验研究

采用土箱进行模拟垄沟灌溉入渗试验,探索垄沟灌溉条件下土壤水分的入渗特性.研究结果表明:垄沟灌溉入渗时,湿润锋水平方向与垂直方向的运移距离与入渗时间呈幂函数正相关,其垂向运移距离明显大干一般沟灌;灌水时沟中与垄坡剖面的含水率迅速增加,再分布过程中在水平向水势梯度的作用下垄上剖面的含水率也不断增加,适当减小垄宽可以减少灌溉...