吕梁山地区植被物候变化及对气候的响应

吕梁山地区地形垂直差异明显,植被对气候变化反应敏感,研究吕梁山地区植被物候变化,探索植被物候变化与气候的响应关系,旨在为高海拔山区植被物候研究和生态治理提供借鉴。基于2000—2015年MODIS NDVI时间序列数据,通过动态阈值法提取吕梁山地区的植被物候,对气温、降水进行空间插值,并对植被2个关键物候期与气候因素进行偏相关分析。结果表明：（1）植被生长季开始日期(the start of the growing season,SOS)提前的区域约占85.7%,其中16.2%显著提前;植被生长季结束日期(the end of the growing season,EOS)推迟的区域约占90.6%,其中33.3%显著推迟。（2）区内74.8%、87.7%植被SOS分别与气温、降水呈负相关,气温升高或降水增加,植被SOS提前。植被SOS在高海拔山区受4月气温影响显著,而低海拔地区受4月降水影响显著。（3）区内72.6%、65.1%植被EOS分别与气温、降水呈正相关,气温升高或降水增加,植被EOS推迟。植被EOS在北部和西部地区受11月气温影响显著,而高海拔地区受9月降水影响显著。2000—2015年吕梁山地区植被物候发生显著变化,各地区对气温、降水的响应不同,研究结果可为区域物候、气候变化研究和陆地生态治理提供科学依据。     

Assessing the effects of vegetation and precipitation on soil erosion in the Three-River Headwaters Region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Soil erosion in the Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR) of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China has a significant impact on local economic development and ecological environment. Vegetation and precipitation are considered to be the main factors for the variation in soil erosion. However, it is a big challenge to analyze the impacts of precipitation and vegetation respectively as well as their combined effects on soil erosion from the pixel scale. To assess the influences of vegetation and precipitation on the variation of soil erosion from 2005 to 2015, we employed the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to evaluate soil erosion in the TRHR, and then developed a method using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index model (LMDI) which can exponentially decompose the influencing factors, to calculate the contribution values of the vegetation cover factor (C factor) and the rainfall erosivity factor (R factor) to the variation of soil erosion from the pixel scale. In general, soil erosion in the TRHR was alleviated from 2005 to 2015, of which about 54.95% of the area where soil erosion decreased was caused by the combined effects of the C factor and the R factor, and 41.31% was caused by the change in the R factor. There were relatively few areas with increased soil erosion modulus, of which 64.10% of the area where soil erosion increased was caused by the change in the C factor, and 23.88% was caused by the combined effects of the C factor and the R factor. Therefore, the combined effects of the C factor and the R factor were regarded as the main driving force for the decrease of soil erosion, while the C factor was the dominant factor for the increase of soil erosion. The area with decreased soil erosion caused by the C factor (12.10×10³ km²) was larger than the area with increased soil erosion caused by the C factor (8.30×10³ km²), which indicated that vegetation had a positive effect on soil erosion. This study generally put forward a new method for quantitative assessment of the impacts of the influencing factors on soil erosion, and also provided a scientific basis for the regional control of soil erosion.     

绿色富硒生物猪饲料中AFB1达标生产工艺优化研究

饲料中黄曲霉毒素(AFB₁)容易超标,检出率达80%~100%,毒性大,具强致癌性,可抑制生猪免疫机能,降低动物生产性能,引起动物继发感染,还会在动物产品中残留而威胁人类健康,给生猪养殖带来经济损失,降低猪肉食品安全性。本文通过使用先进固体发酵系统设备和益生菌发酵技术,采用单因素试验和响应面中试优化,获得发酵降解猪饲料AFB₁的最佳工艺参数为硒浓度0.3 mg/kg,发酵时间12 h,量子波强度30 Hz,益生菌菌种组合CGMCC NO.17328混合CGMCC NO.15611。该工艺将猪饲料AFB₁量从63.41μg/kg降解到2.98μg/kg,降解率达到95.30%,AFB₁含量达到国家饲料安全标准。生产工艺适合养猪场低成本快速生产AFB₁达标猪饲料。     

Biochar and Conservation Agriculture Nexus: Synergy and Research Gaps for Enhanced Sustainable Productivity in Degraded Soils—Review

Degrading soil quality and productivity are major global challenges exacerbated by climate change and management practices. The dwindling global economy calls for other cost-effective approaches to address these challenges. This study reviewed a number of literatures on degraded soils, conservation agriculture (CA), and biochar soil amendment. The aim is to establish a base for more appropriate policy decisions and support for research on CA and biochar soil amendment nexus, which will enable the design of profitable and sustainable farming systems. Studies have highlighted the positive effects of CA practice, yet the adoption is low and some shortfalls have been reported. Likewise in the application of biochar as soil amendment, positive soil transformations have been recorded and some lapses. It is therefore imperative to explore the possibility of merging the two practices to see if the effects are complimentary, additive, or opposing in which case the positive values could be lost.     

基于温度植被干旱指数的兖州煤田煤炭开采影响边界遥感提取

为识别植被覆盖区煤炭开采的生态影响边界,该文以兖州煤田为研究区域,应用温度植被干旱指数TVDI(temperature vegetation drought index)反演沉陷积水区外围的土壤湿度空间分布特征,利用MATLAB拟合TVDI变化趋势并依据其趋于稳定的渐近线,反解煤炭开采活动对矿区生态的影响边界,将其与采用MSCS(mining subsidence prediction system,MSCS)软件预计获得的下沉10 mm沉陷边界进行对比。结果表明:不同距离的TVDI中位数随距积水区边缘距离的变化表现为先增加后趋于平稳、呈指数变化特征;基于TVDI分析得到的煤炭开采的非积水影响范围,仅相当于沉陷积水面积的2.07倍,预计沉陷非积水面积与预计沉陷积水面积之比为4.63倍。通过模型拟合遥感指数随距离的变化特征,能够获得煤炭开采的影响边界;兖州煤田基于TVDI获取的煤炭开采影响面积,相对小于预计的开采沉陷面积。该研究可为确定煤炭开采对生态影响的边界提供参考。     

溴氰菊酯降解菌的分离筛选与应用潜力评价

为解决杀虫剂溴氰菊酯的残留污染问题及丰富其降解菌资源库，采用富集培养法，从长期被溴氰菊酯污染的土壤中分离筛选到1株高效降解菌株XQ08，经形态学特征、生理生化及16S rDNA鉴定其为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia，并对菌株发酵条件、菌剂制备方法及应用潜力进行了初步研究。结果表明:在纯培养条件下，XQ08菌株5 d内对50 mg/L溴氰菊酯的降解率可达66.76%；在35 ℃、pH=8及以麦芽糖为碳源、氯化铵为氮源的条件下可获得理想的发酵效果，同时明确了XQ08液体菌剂的制备方法。分别在室内盆栽与田间种植的香菜上喷施高剂量 (推荐剂量10倍，有效成分6.25 g/hm2) 的25 g/L溴氰菊酯乳油，于施药后2、24和48 h施用XQ08菌剂，3、5、7和9 d后，香菜上溴氰菊酯的降解率分别超过20%、50%、60%及70%；7 d后施用菌剂处理组溴氰菊酯残留量均低于0.5 mg/kg，9 d后残留量均低于0.2 mg/kg。本研究首次报道了嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对溴氰菊酯的降解，发现其XQ08菌剂可有效促进溴氰菊酯的降解，且其降解符合一级动力学特征。嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌XQ08菌株能有效降低或清除蔬菜上的溴氰菊酯残留，具有较好的应用潜力和开发价值。     

不同烤烟品种烟叶质体色素降解产物在不同香型烟叶产区的差异

为明确不同烤烟品种质体色素含量在不同香型烟叶产区的差异,采用GC/MS法分别检测了种植在典型浓香型、中间香型、清香型烟叶产区K326、云烟87和湘烟3号第9-12叶位烟叶的质体色素降解产物。结果表明：检测到的绝大多数质体色素降解产物含量在不同品种间存在显著差异,且云烟87的叶黄素和β胡萝卜素类降解产物含量显著高于K326和湘烟3号；检测到的全部的质体色素降解产物在不同香型烟叶产区间存在显著差异,叶黄素、β胡萝卜素和无环类胡萝卜素降解产物总含量和质体色素降解产物中的巨豆三烯酮A、巨豆三烯酮B、巨豆三烯酮C、巨豆三烯酮D、β-紫罗兰酮、脱氢二氢-β-紫罗兰酮6种致香成分含量在两个浓香型烟叶产区无显著差异,但一致地显著高于中间香型和清香型烟叶产区,且按浓香型、中间香型、清香型烟叶产区的顺序依次递减。烟叶质体色素降解产物含量在不同品种、不同香型烟叶产区间差异的存在,揭示了不同生态产区烟叶香型特色形成的物质基础,对彰显不同烟叶香型烟草品种的选育具有重要指导意义。     

基于Lab颜色空间的棉花覆盖度提取方法研究

基于手持高清可见光图像和无人机可见光遥感影像中植被与非植被像元在不同颜色空间单通道上分布的差异性,以苗期和蕾期的棉花为对象,进行了棉花覆盖度的提取方法研究。基于不同天气状况和不同采集时刻等光照条件下采集的29幅具有不同覆盖度的棉花地面可见光图像,分别对比分析了Lab颜色空间a通道、RGB颜色空间2G-R-B指数和HIS颜色空间H通道对棉花的识别能力,以及使用动态阈值和固定阈值两种情况下的棉花覆盖度提取精度。其中动态阈值通过植被与非植被像元的高斯分布交点确定,固定阈值在3种颜色空间分别设置为动态阈值的均值。结果表明,植被像元与非植被像元在a通道、2G-R-B指数和H通道上呈现高斯分布,可以采用非线性最小二乘算法实现高斯分布拟合。通过高斯分布拟合求解交点得到的动态分类阈值分布范围较为集中,将其均值-3.78、0.06、0.13设定为固定分类阈值。相比于2G-R-B指数和H通道,a通道对绿色植被的识别能力最好,更适合提取棉花植被覆盖度;相比于动态阈值,固定阈值的提取精度更好,平均提取误差为0.009 4。将该方法应用到无人机尺度时,同样可以较好地提取不同天气状况和不同土壤干湿类型的棉花覆盖度,且总体平均提取误差为0.012。经过初步检验和分析认为,基于植被与非植被像元在Lab颜色空间a通道上分布的差异性,结合固定分类阈值,可以精确地提取不同光照条件下的苗期和蕾期棉花覆盖度。     

基于无人机遥感影像的冬小麦氮素监测

精准氮素管理是一项提高作物氮肥利用效率的有效策略,利用无人机遥感技术精确估测小麦氮素状况是必要的。试验在山东省乐陵市科技小院实验基地进行,利用八旋翼无人机搭载Mini-MCA多光谱相机于2016年获取冬小麦4个关键生育时期(返青期、拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期)冠层多光谱数据,同步获取地上部植株样品并测定其生物量、吸氮量、氮营养指数,及成熟期籽粒产量,根据各关键生育期与全生育期分别构建植被指数与农学参数回归分析模型,评估基于无人机遥感影像的冬小麦氮素营养诊断潜力。结果表明:基于无人机遥感影像能够较好地估测冬小麦氮素指标(R2为0.45~0.96),决定系数随着生育期推移而逐渐增大。拔节期、孕穗期和扬花期估产效果接近且具有很好的估测能力,扬花期DATT幂函数模型对小麦氮营养指数的解释能力最强(R2=0.95)。因此,以多旋翼无人机为平台同步搭载多光谱相机对冬小麦有较好的氮素诊断潜力,可利用估测结果指导精准氮肥管理。     

生物炭对噻虫胺在土壤中吸附和降解的影响

为探究由不同热解温度和原材料制备的生物炭对噻虫胺在黑土中吸附和降解的影响,以玉米秸秆和猪粪为原材料,分别在300、500℃和700℃下限氧热解制备了六种生物炭,并将其添加到黑土中,研究生物炭对土壤理化性质与噻虫胺在土壤中吸附-降解的影响。结果表明:添加生物炭可显著提高土壤的pH、有效态磷和有机碳含量,降低土壤的H/C。噻虫胺在土壤及生物炭-土壤混合体系中的吸附过程符合Freundlich模型。添加生物炭显著提高了土壤对噻虫胺的吸附,且吸附量随生物炭热解温度的升高而增大。不同热解温度的生物炭对噻虫胺在土壤中降解的影响不同。高温生物炭-土壤混合体系的强吸附能力降低了噻虫胺被微生物降解的速率,但噻虫胺在低温生物炭-土壤混合体系中具有相对较高的微生物降解速率。因此,在利用生物炭修复农药污染土壤时应该充分考虑生物炭的类型和性质。