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1.
在黄淮海夏玉米生产区,不同控释氮肥和尿素的配比下,研究不同氮效率玉米品种的产量及其花前花后干物质和氮素累积分配规律,以及相应的氮素利用效率与经济效益,为该区域夏玉米氮肥高效施用提供理论与技术依据。试验采用裂区设计,周期为两年,以施氮处理为主区,设置0、180、300 kg·hm-2 3个施氮水平,并在180 kg·hm-2水平上设置全尿素处理(U)、控释尿素处理(C),控释尿素与尿素按1∶2(C1)与2∶1(C2)配施,共6个施肥处理,分别为N0、N180U、N180C、N180C1、N180C2、N300U;品种为副区,分别为氮低效品种豫禾988(YH988)和氮高效品种郑单958(ZD958)。结果表明,在黄淮海砂质潮土条件下,氮低效品种YH988和氮高效品种ZD958均在180 kg·hm-2施氮水平下实现了最高的产量水平,其中YH988和ZD958最佳的氮肥比例分别为控释氮∶尿素氮=1∶2和2∶1,即N180C1和N180C2。YH988和ZD958分别在N180C1和N180C2处理下花后干物质和氮素累积比例较高。同时,YH988和ZD958在N180C1和N180C2处理下分别实现了氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥当季利用率和经济效益的最高。综上,在黄淮海潮土区夏玉米生产体系中,不同氮效率品种YH988和ZD958分别在180 kg·hm-2施氮量,控施氮∶尿素氮=1∶2和2∶1的条件下,实现了高产及较高的花后干物质和氮素累积,促进了其产量和氮素利用效率的协同提高。  相似文献   
2.
豫南砂姜黑土区玉米新型肥料的应用效果分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为了进一步提高豫南砂姜黑土区玉米产量与改善土壤环境条件,本研究以常规尿素为对照(CK),通过2年的大田试验,对比分析同等施肥条件下施用控释尿素(CRU)及含生物质炭(BU)、微肥(MU)、腐植酸(HAU)尿素4种玉米新型肥料对玉米生长与养分吸收的影响,同时,评价施用新型肥料对土壤硝态氮残留及玉米经济效益的影响。结果表明:施用新型肥料较CK均提高了玉米子粒产量,增幅范围为2.7%~10.9%,其中,以HAU增幅最高(10.9%),CRU (8.8%)次之,BU和MU增幅相对较低。与CK相比,HAU穗粒数和百粒重分别提高了9.7%和9.2%,植株氮和磷吸收量分别提高了20.6%和27.5%,差异显著;其他处理产量构成因素、养分吸收量与CK之间差异均未达到显著水平。同时,HAU较CK显著降低了0~40 cm土层硝态氮含量:其中,0~20 cm土层降幅为26.4%,20~40 cm土层降幅为32.4%。各处理产投比由高至低依次表现为HAU (2.14)>CRU (2.05)>MU (2.04)≈CK (2.04)>BU (2.03)。因此,在豫南砂姜黑土区施用含腐植酸尿素不仅能够促进玉米增产增收,而且能够降低土壤硝酸盐污染的风险,具有较为广阔的应用前景。  相似文献   
3.
以新粳伊7号为试验材料,设置6个处理(T1,尿素施用量0+光合细菌54 kg/667 m2;T2,尿素施用量25 kg/667 m2+光合细菌54 kg/667 m2;T3,尿素施用量30 kg/667 m2+光合细菌54 kg/667 m2;T4,尿素施用量35 kg/667 m2+光合细菌54 kg/667 m2;T5,尿素施用量40 kg/667 m2+光合细菌54 kg/667 m2;CK,不添加尿素、光合细菌),研究了光合细菌单独施用及与尿素联合施用对水稻农艺性状、产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,T1处理土壤有机质含量显著升高,而总磷含量显著下降;T1处理土壤尿酶和硝酸还原酶活性显著下降,而亚硝酸还原酶活性显著升高;T1处理水稻产量较CK显著增产5.19%。随尿素用量增加,土壤各因子含量下降,其中,T3、 T4处理的硝态氮、有机质含量显著高于T1、T2和T5处理;随尿素用量增加,土壤脲酶活性呈现出极显著线性增长趋势,亚硝酸还原酶和硝酸还原酶活性先降低后上升,但处理间差异均不显著;随尿素用量增加,水稻穗长、株高、产量和整精米率呈线性增加趋势,而精米率先上升后降低。Pearson相关分析显示,尿素和硝态氮与脲酶活性呈极显著或显著正相关,氨态氮与硝酸还原酶活性呈显著正相关。多因子相关分析显示,尿素为土壤酶活性的主要影响因素。土壤酶活性对水稻农艺性状、产量和稻米品质起主要影响作用。综上,单一使用光合细菌或者与尿素联合施用能够显著激活土壤氮转化酶活性,从而改善水稻农艺性状,促进产量增加和加工品质提升。  相似文献   
4.
Cotton bolls exhibit the lowest insecticidal efficacy among all organs of Bt cotton, which would ultimately affect the yield formation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different urea concentrations on the seed Bt protein contents, seed cotton yield and the corresponding protein metabolism mechanism. The experiments were conducted during 2017–2018 cotton growing seasons. Two cultivars, Sikang 3(hybrid, SK3) and Sikang 1(conventional, SK1), were treated with six urea concentrations and their seed Bt protein contents were compared during boll formation period. The urea spray concentration had a significant effect on the seed Bt toxin content and seed cotton yield. Spraying of either 5 or 6% urea led to higher insecticidal protein contents and higher seed cotton yield for both cultivars. Moreover, the highest amino acid and soluble protein contents, as well as GPT and GOT activities, and lower protease and peptidase activities were observed at the 5 to 6% urea levels. Significant positive correlations between the seed Bt toxin and amino acid contents, and between the seed Bt toxin content and GPT activities were detected. The lower boll worm number and hazard boll rate were also observed with the 5 to 6% urea treatments, which may be the reason why nitrogen spraying increased the seed cotton yield. Therefore, our results suggested that the seed Bt toxin content and insect resistance were impacted markedly by external nitrogen application, and 5 to 6% urea had the greatest effect on insect resistance.  相似文献   
5.
Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.  相似文献   
6.
ABSTRACT

We compared the protein and oil contents, seed yields, and natural abundance of 15N (σ15N) of seeds from the plants of the cultivar Enrei, which has moderate nodulating ability (Enrei) with those of its two near-isogenic lines (NILs), a super-nodulating genotype of Enrei, i.e., En-b0-1, and a non-nodulating genotype of Enrei, i.e., En1282. Plants of these three genotypes were grown on four types of field plots with different types of urea coated slow-release nitrogen (N) fertilizers (CUSLNFs) which delivered N in different manners during plant growth . The seed yield of the En1282 plants was similar to that of the Enrei plants but much greater than that of the En-b0-1 plants when the plants were grown on the field to which a CUSLNF with a long lifespan was applied. The amounts of protein per seed were positively correlated with those of oil per seed in the case of En1282 plants irrespective of the field N conditions. The seed protein contents were proportional to the seed weight in both En1282 and Enrei plants. Such a relationship was not observed in the En-b0-1 plants, and the protein and oil contents in the seeds of En-b0-1 plants were negatively correlated with each other. These observations suggested that the N supply to maturing seeds was a key to the protein contents in the En1282 and Enrei plants and that the C supply to maturing seeds was a key to the protein contents in the En-b0-1 plants. The comparison of the σ15N values, protein contents, and seed yields of seeds from En1282 plants suggested that the Enrei plants assimilated considerable amounts of N from the soil during the late plant growth. We concluded that high N2 fixation activity depressed the amounts of oil per seed and changed the protein and oil contents in soybean seeds.  相似文献   
7.
以NBPT(N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺)和DMPP(3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐)为复合抑制剂,利用转鼓喷涂工艺,开发出新型复合型抑制剂涂覆尿素肥料,采用扫描电镜和能谱仪分析其涂覆效果。通过田间试验系统对比评价了追施不同氮肥对调控氮素的特征效果。试验设置5个处理:(1)不施氮肥(CK);(2)农民习惯追施尿素(CU);(3)优化追施尿素(CUU);(4)优化追施抑制剂涂覆尿素(CUY1);(5)优化追施抑制剂涂覆尿素(CUY2)。在夏玉米喇叭口期、冬小麦拔节期追施氮肥后的15天内进行田间原位连续动态观测。电镜和能谱结果表明,复合抑制剂均匀涂覆于尿素表面,形成薄而致密、光滑的涂覆层,该涂覆层均匀分布有磷和硫2种元素,表明复合抑制剂与尿素已有效结合。田间试验结果表明,在同等优化施氮量下与普通尿素相比,夏玉米和冬小麦季追肥后CUY1和CUY2处理氨挥发分别降低55.19%,32.15%和52.46%,39.43%。夏玉米季追肥后,0-20 cm土层CU、CUU处理土壤硝态氮含量于第5天达到峰值,到后期已显著低于CUY1、CUY2处理,CUY2处理稳定硝态氮的效果更好。冬小麦季追肥后,0-20 cm土壤硝态氮含量CU、CUU处理分别在第5,3天达到峰值,CUY1、CUY2处理于第11天达到峰值后,硝态氮含量已显著高于相同施氮量的CUU处理。在保证产量和净收益的同时,抑制剂涂覆尿素显著降低了追施氮素的氨挥发和淋溶损失浓度,其中冬小麦季CUY1处济效益较好,夏玉米季CUY2调控氮素的效果最佳,减少向下淋溶的效果明显。  相似文献   
8.
为探明安徽省直播冬油菜种植中适宜的氮肥用量、氮肥种类和施氮方式,通过田间小区试验,研究尿素不同用量及等氮量尿素和控释尿素不同施用方式对直播冬油菜产量、氮肥累积量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:施氮水平和施氮方式对直播冬油菜产量具有显著影响,成株率与产量之间呈显著正相关,施氮量180 kg N·hm-2条件下,尿素分次施用处理(N180)和控释尿素一次性施用处理(CRU180)在生育中后期能有效提高直播冬油菜密度。施氮量240 kg N·hm-2、尿素分次施用处理(N240)角壳和茎秆氮素累积量分配比例增加,籽粒分配比例减少,氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理效率和氮肥偏生产力显著降低,籽粒产量不增反降,较CRU180和N180分别降低2.87%和9.67%。各施氮处理中,N180处理产量最高,较其他施氮处理显著增产7.53%~82.15%。施氮量180 kg N·hm-2条件下,相比尿素一次性施用处理(U180),CRU180和N180显著增产8.53%和16.69%,籽粒氮素累积量显著增加8.80%和16.02%,氮肥表观利用率显著增加11.68%和14.30%,氮素农学效率显著增加12.53%和24.46%,氮素生理效率增加0.74%和9.13%,氮肥偏生产力显著增加8.59%和16.76%。综合本试验直播冬油菜产量、氮素累积量和氮肥利用率结果来看,合理的氮肥用量和氮肥品种可以有效增加直播冬油菜的成株率和氮素累积量,进而增加产量、提高氮肥利用率。安徽省直播冬油菜施氮量180 kg N·hm-2,尿素分次施用和控释尿素一次性施用,均能达到产量和氮肥利用率的双向提升。考虑到直播冬油菜轻简化发展大趋势,建议采用控释尿素一次性基施。  相似文献   
9.
水分和氮素管理对提高作物产量具有重要作用。笔者研究尿素类型与灌溉管理对玉米节水保肥的影响以达到玉米高氮肥利用效率和高产田的生产目标。本研究在2016—2017年开展2年完全随机区组设计试验,讨论了尿素类型(普通尿素和控释尿素)及灌溉对玉米土壤和氮素利用的影响。每种尿素类型设置2种氮素水平,分别为75、150 kg N/hm 2,以不施氮肥为对照。水分设置2种灌溉水平,分别为全生育期不灌水和灌浆阶段灌水85 mm。结果表明:在灌溉与施氮水平相同下,0~40 cm土层应用控释尿素处理氮含量较高,但在更深的土壤层低于普通尿素处理;相对于不灌溉,灌溉增加了硝态氮的损失,但施用控释尿素的处理硝态氮损失低于施用普通尿素处理;灌溉条件下施用控释尿素可以提高玉米氮素吸收,并使更多的氮向籽粒中转移;与普通尿素相比,控释尿素提高了氮肥利用率,降低土壤对氮需求的依赖。控释尿素低氮的释放可以减少硝态氮在土壤中的存留时间而迅速被玉米吸收,从而降低硝态氮的损失风险,提高了土壤氮肥利用效率。综上,控释尿素与少量灌溉相结合适用于华北半湿润地区达到玉米高氮肥利用效率和高产田的生产目标。  相似文献   
10.
为探求减氮增效技术、实现夏玉米科学施肥,通过田间试验,研究了包膜尿素与普通尿素配施及氮肥减施对夏玉米产量、养分吸收利用和土壤氮素的影响。结果表明:夏玉米施氮显著增产7.53%~16.28%,氮素积累量增加15.66%~29.16%,氮肥利用率为19.66%~42.28%;包膜尿素与普通尿素配施一次施肥,提高了夏玉米灌浆期叶绿素含量(SPAD值),可获得较高产量,且包膜尿素比例越大,氮肥农学效率和利用率越高。本试验条件下,施氮145.6 kg/hm2(75%包膜尿素+25%普通尿素)基本实现了高产、高效、简化施肥,可在豫北地区推广应用。  相似文献   
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