基于SOA的水轮机调速系统PID参数优化

针对现有优化方法复杂、易陷入局部最优等问题,为水轮机调速系统提出了一种基于人群搜索算法的比例-积分-微分控制参数优化方法.为验证该算法的可行性,建立了水轮机调速系统非线性模型,选取水轮发电机组转速偏差的积分时间绝对误差指标作为目标函数进行优化.为验证优化结果的有效性,将人群搜索算法的控制效果与参考文献中粒子群算法的控制效果进行了对比分析.仿真结果表明,在5%频率扰动下,人群搜索算法自第29次迭代起已收敛,经其优化的系统能在8秒内趋于稳定,此时系统的超调量为1.6%;在10%负荷扰动下,人群搜索算法自第25次迭代起已收敛,其优化效果与粒子群算法优化效果基本相同,两者均在10秒内让系统趋于稳定,但人群搜索算法优化的积分时间绝对误差指标比粒子群算法优化的积分时间绝对误差指标小,表明人群搜索算法具有更好的搜索功能,在一定程度上改善了孤网运行条件下机组的动态性能.     

High fluid shear strain causes injury in silver shark: Preliminary implications for Mekong hydropower turbine design

The Lower Mekong Basin is facing unprecedented threats to fish diversity from hydropower development. There is increasing pressure on developers and construction authorities to design solutions to improve fish survival through turbines, thus protecting the resources in regions being developed for hydropower. A hydraulic characteristic of hydropower turbines with known fisheries impacts is fluid shear stress. Elevated shear stress occurs where rapidly flowing water passes near spillways, screens and within turbine draft tubes. Shear stress can have adverse impacts on fish, but no work has assessed whether this holds true for Mekong River species. A flume was used to determine critical tolerances of silver shark, Balantiocheilos melanopterus (Bleeker), to shear stress rates at a high‐velocity jet which simulated a hydropower turbine. Fish were assessed for injury or mortality following exposure. Results were compared against a no‐shear control. Injury and mortality were greater at higher shear stress exposures. Injuries occurred at all shear exposure levels with mortality at shear levels higher than 600/s. This approach should help design future hydropower turbines if data on other species demonstrate similar results. If the likelihood of adverse impact is high, then shear stress will need to be considered in the design of future hydropower facilities.     

湍流强度对风电机组动力学特性及载荷的影响

为研究湍流强度对机组动力学特性及气动载荷的影响,以3.3 MW三叶片水平轴风电机组为研究对象,采用仿真及试验相结合的方法,并对来流风速和主导载荷进行功率谱分析。通过开展4种湍流强度0.10、0.12、0.14和0.16的计算仿真,结果表明随着湍流强度的增加,风电机组机舱振动加速度、载荷及等效疲劳载荷都有规律性变化。为验证仿真结果的合理性,对某风场的型式测试机组进行1a多的数据测试采集和分析。测试结果表明,机组运行在0.06、0.08、0.10和0.12这4种不同湍流强度下,其机组在不同风速运行下的机组振动及载荷同样出现有规律性的变化,仿真与实测结果的变化趋势吻合度较高。该研究为风电场风电机组的微观选址提供依据,也对风电机组设计有一定的指导意义。     

转轮下环间隙对混流式水轮机内部流动特性的影响

水轮机转轮间隙内的泄漏涡、泄漏流等复杂的湍流易影响水轮机的性能与稳定性。为了分析下环间隙对混流式水轮机能量特性和内部流态的影响,该文基于N-S方程和SST湍流模型,考虑了0.6 Qd(Qd为设计流量工况)、0.8 Qd、Qd、1.2 Qd共4种流量工况,对5种下环间隙下的混流式水轮机模型机进行三维全流道数值计算。通过对比不同下环间隙方案对混流式水轮机效率与容积损失的影响,结合不同水轮机内部流场特征,分析下环间隙与水轮机性能的关系。计算结果表明:下环间隙由0.4 mm增大到1.3 mm,机组泄漏量增大,水轮机效率整体呈下降趋势。其中,当机组在小流量0.6 Qd工况运行时,间隙对水轮机能量特性影响最为明显,效率下降了4.1个百分点。当机组在小流量0.6 Qd与0.8 Qd工况运行时,下环间隙增大,间隙内部流场与尾水管内部流场呈现小幅度恶化;当机组在大流量1.2 Qd工况运行时,下环间隙增大,转轮叶片吸力面压力分布以及尾水管内部流场均得到改善。该研究可为混流式水轮机结构设计提供有效参考。     

混流式转轮叶片数对鱼类撞击死亡率的影响

鱼类在通过水轮机流道时会受到其内部高速旋转的转轮叶片撞击而出现伤亡。为了优化某电站混流式转轮的鱼类通过生存率,综合计算流体动力学分析方法与鱼类-叶片撞击的数学模型,研究了不同优化转轮方案下的鱼类撞击死亡率及机组能量性能,获得了混流式水轮机过流量及转轮叶片数对鱼类死亡率的影响规律。研究结果表明,在额定水头下,鱼类通过转轮的撞击死亡率与转轮的流量以及叶片数呈正相关关系;对于原始转轮,当流量增加到额定流量时,鱼类通过转轮的撞击死亡率达到了16.85%;而叶片数为13和11的两个优化转轮则使额定流量下的鱼类撞击死亡率比原始转轮分别降低了2.93和5.3个百分点。最后,通过分析两个优化转轮的鱼类生态性能与能量性能,选择采用13叶片的优化转轮作为最终方案。     

隔板长度对紧凑型高速磁力泵水力特性及叶轮径向力的影响

为探究蜗壳内隔板长度对紧凑型高速磁力泵外特性与叶轮径向力的影响,根据蜗壳型式及隔板长度的不同提出6种蜗壳方案.设单蜗壳为方案一,其余双蜗壳方案根据隔板长度从小到大依次设为方案二至方案六.采用ANSYS-CFX软件对不同工况下(0.8Q_d,1.0Q_d,1.2Q_d)各蜗壳方案泵内流场进行数值模拟,得到不同蜗壳方案的泵中心面静压分布云图,并进行径向力分析.采用方案四蜗壳作为泵实型样机进行试验,将试验值与计算结果进行对比.研究结果表明:相较于无隔板的单蜗壳泵,采用有隔板的双蜗壳泵有利于平衡叶轮径向力,在额定流量下单蜗壳在x,y方向的径向力最大分量分别为151.2,149.7 N,是双蜗壳方案四的1.5倍;随着隔板长度的增大,泵的扬程与效率均逐渐提高,叶轮径向力不断减小,3种工况下扬程的模拟值与试验值偏差均小于3.0%;试验表明数值计算结果具有可信性,研究结果可为紧凑型高速磁力泵在提高水力性能以及平衡叶轮径向力方面提供一定参考.     

Turbine entrainment and passage of potadromous fish through hydropower dams: Developing conceptual frameworks and metrics for moving beyond turbine passage mortality

Potadromous fishes are vulnerable to involuntary entrainment through hydropower turbines. However, turbines can also provide a downstream passage route for potadromous fish. Here, we review evidence for turbine entrainment and passage in potadromous fish, and evaluate the effects of these processes on upstream and downstream populations. We develop conceptual frameworks and metrics to quantify vulnerability to turbine entrainment removals, and to quantify the efficiency of turbines as a downstream passage route. We highlight factors that influence these processes and provide case‐studies demonstrating their applicability. We found that juvenile potadromous fish are being entrained through turbines at rates high enough to impact upstream populations. Given that juvenile passage survival is often high, we argue that turbines provide an important downstream passage route for potadromous fish. We show that entrainment vulnerability is likely a function of interactions between in‐reservoir fish behaviour, habitat configuration and operations and thus not well captured by passage mortality estimates. Similarly, we show that while passage mortality can limit downstream passage efficiency, passage success is also dependent on reservoir and forebay navigation, along with survival and fitness in the downstream river. We advocate for a shift in focus away from estimates of passage mortality and injury, which have previously accounted for the majority of turbine passage research. Instead, we recommend an approach that focusses on quantification of the factors that influence downstream passage efficiency and entrainment vulnerability. Moreover, we highlight the need to better understand the broader scale impacts of these events on upstream and downstream populations.     

600MW汽轮机单顺序阀切换时的异常分析及处理

某厂600MW汽轮机阀门控制方式由单阀切换为顺序阀控制时EH油压波动、轴承温度异常现象，无法切换为顺序阀方式运行。通过分析研究，修改阀门开启顺序、修改阀门特性曲线，机组已安全稳定的处于顺序阀控制方式下，取得了良好的经济效益。     

蜗壳断面面积变化规律对双吸离心泵水力性能的影响

针对某泵站S700-500-730型双吸离心泵运行时引发的断轴问题,采用CFD数值模拟方法,通过与蜗壳断面面积线性变化规律(以下简称L-规律)进行对比,分析了原型泵采用的蜗壳断面面积变化规律(以下简称Y-规律)对水力性能以及径向力的影响.结果表明:在定常工况下,2种规律的双吸离心泵在设计工况下水力性能相近,相较于L-规律方案,采用Y-规律设计的蜗壳作用在叶轮上的径向力增大高达24.77%;在非设计工况下,相较于L-规律方案,采用Y-规律设计的蜗壳水力性能更加优越,但是作用在叶轮上的径向力要高于采用L-规律方案时作用在叶轮上的径向力;在非定常工况下,Y-规律方案的脉动幅值以及高频脉动都要比采用L-规律方案设计时明显得多.蜗壳断面面积变化规律对作用在叶轮上的径向力影响显著.研究结果可为解决由于径向力过大导致断轴问题提供一定的理论依据.     

叶片尾缘加弯板垂直轴风力机转矩特性数值模拟

文章提出一种在叶片尾缘加装弯板改善直线翼垂直轴风力机叶片周围流场,提高风力机转矩特性的方法。选取NACA0024和NACA0012两种直线翼垂直轴风力机常用翼型,利用数值模拟计算包括不加装弯板在内具有7种弯板长度2叶片直线翼垂直轴风力机输出转矩特性和静态起动转矩特性。结果表明,在NACA系列对称翼型尾缘加弯板叶片可在一定程度上改善直线翼垂直轴风力机输出转矩特性和静态起动特性。叶片尾缘加装弯板后可在某些旋转角下改变叶片上下表面压力分布,减少涡旋和流动分离产生,提高叶片气动特性,改善风力机转矩特性。研究发现,弯板长度为弦长40%风力机转矩特性改善效果最好,最大输出转矩系数较无弯板风力机提高17%,静态平均起动转矩提高26.4%。