水稻钵盘育秧播种机自动分盘装置设计与试验

针对当前水稻育秧过程中,播种设备采用人工逐盘供秧导致工人劳动强度大、易疲劳等问题,在448穴水稻钵盘育秧播种机研究基础上,设计一种机械式自动分盘装置。该装置通过托手承接钵盘、拨指分离钵盘、凸轮控制托手与拨指运动规律配合方式,可将成摞钵盘逐个自动分离并连续供给育秧播种设备,以人工逐摞供盘取代人工逐个供盘,大幅度降低人工供盘劳动强度。结果表明,在作业效率300～420盘·h-1,每次按每摞秧盘数目10～20盘供盘条件下,分盘成功率为100%,达到设计要求。为水稻钵盘育秧播种机自动化研究提供参考。     

南水北调中线工程水质监测站点布设研究

科学合理布设水质监测站点是加强南水北调中线工程对突发水污染事件监控,保障水质安全的重要手段。制定水质监测站点的布设方案受到监测效率与布设成本的约束,同时,监测仪器精度、污染物衰减特性的不确定性等问题也对布设方案产生影响。以中线工程京石段为研究对象,基于一维水质模型,以突发水污染事件漏报率最低、发现时间最短以及监测站点布设成本最小为目标函数,构建水质监测站点布设多目标优化模型对布设方案进行优化,同时结合监测仪器精度对目标函数的影响确定了最优布设方案,在此基础上,分析了污染物衰减特性对最优布设方案的影响。研究结果可为中线工程合理布设水质监测站点提供建议。     

气力式水稻穴盘成型机气流分配室流场仿真与优化设计

合理的气流分配室结构是气力式水稻穴盘成型机正常工作的前提条件。为了保证气流分配室具有均匀的流场结构,生产出合格的穴盘,以气体控制方程为理论依据,利用FLUENT软件对气流分配室内气流场进行了仿真分析。结合正交试验设计和数值模拟技术,以腔体厚度、通气孔直径和底角为影响因素,速度不均匀系数为评价指标,对气流场进行了单因素和正交模拟仿真试验,结果表明各因素对试验结果影响的主次顺序为配气腔体厚度、通气孔直径、底角;当腔体厚度、通气孔直径和底角分别为110 mm、15 mm和0°时,气流分配室流场均匀性较理想,此时速度不均匀系数为11.37%。试验结果表明,仿真结果与实测结果的平均相对误差为1.59%,双侧相关系数为0.028,存在显著相关关系;穴盘生产成型率为92.3%,穴孔质量和底面厚度的变异系数分别为10.2%和9.81%,满足穴盘生产要求。     

水稻秧盘育秧制浆刀片匀浆过程分析及其优化设计

针对现阶段水稻秧盘育秧技术中制匀泥浆效率低下的问题,采用正交设计方法、计算流体动力学数值模拟和试验分析,对不同参数刀片在水田中匀浆作业时的匀浆效果和功率损耗进行研究。结果表明:1)单刀切削幅宽为影响泥浆运动速度和功率损耗的最大因素,折弯角影响不明显;2)当刀片滑切角为50°,折弯角为115°,单刀切削幅宽为60 mm时,刀片匀浆效果好;当滑切角为30°,折弯角为135°,单刀切削幅宽为20 mm时,功率损耗小;3)刀片中心面处和刀片折弯侧0.1 m处刀片打匀泥浆效果良好;4)功率损耗仿真值与试验值平均相对误差为12.16%,在可接受范围内。     

基于活动苗盘的钵苗脱盘基质损失的试验研究

针对穴盘苗脱盘过程中基质损失导致取苗成功率降低的问题,以活动苗盘所育油菜钵苗为研究对象,选取苗盘锥角角度(7°、9°、11°)、基质压实度(1.0、1.1、1.2)、基质含水率(55%、60%、66%)为试验因素,以苗钵基质损失率为试验指标值,进行正交试验,研究苗钵脱盘过程中各因素对苗钵基质损失率的影响。结果表明:穴盘苗脱盘过程中,苗钵基质平均损失率为3.09%;苗盘锥角角度和基质压实度对基质损失率的影响极显著,基质含水率对基质损失率的影响显著;各因素对苗钵基质损失率影响大小依次为基质压实度、苗盘锥角角度、基质含水率;当苗盘锥角角度为11°、基质压实度为1.2、基质含水率为66%时,苗钵基质损失率最小,为2.62%。     

毯苗机插水稻稀播长秧龄农机与农艺相配套技术研究

为探明毯苗插秧机增加取秧块面积的改进技术以及在该技术下稀播长秧龄的水稻适宜播量、秧龄和育秧盘,并形成毯苗机插稻稀播长秧龄农机与农艺相配套技术。结果表明,经过对毯苗插秧机性能的改进,增大取秧面积,毯苗机插杂交稻可实现与钵苗机插稻相当的产量,同时常规稻产量比未改进的常规毯苗机插稻增产4.74%~6.83%;机插水稻秧龄在30 d内,秧龄和产量成正相关关系,播量80 g/盘、秧龄30 d的处理产量最高;与普通塑料盘相比,大体钵型毯状降解盘透水透气性好,栽插带土成球,秧苗素质好,植伤轻,水稻缓苗期短。     

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on the growth and nutrition of hybrid poplars on Vancouver Island

The effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) rates, P source, and method of P application were tested on growth and nutrition of four clones of hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray×P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh or P. trichocarpa×P. maximowiczii A. Henry) in a plantation on Vancouver Island. Treatments were applied shortly after planting. Nitrogen (0, 500kgNha^–1) was supplied as ammonium sulfate (AS); half of the AS was added at the start of the second growing season. Phosphorus (0, 100, 200kgPha^–1) was supplied as triple super phosphate (TSP), rock phosphate (RP), or diammonium phosphate (DAP) and banded or broadcast. Over four growing seasons, stem volumes increased with AS and P additions. The effects of AS and P each were greatest when the other was also added. Volume was greater when P was applied at 100kgha^–1 than in the P control and did not significantly increase further at 200kgPha^–1. Phosphorus additions were more effective when added as TSP or DAP than when added as RP, but only in P100 and when banded. Banding increased volume when P was applied at 200kgha^–1, but increases were significant only for DAP fertilized trees. Roto-tilling associated with the banding treatment also increased volume when AS and P were not added. Rankings of clones with respect to stem volume varied with N supply and changed over time.     

Slurry injection with nitrification inhibitor in maize: Plant phosphorus,zinc, and manganese status

Slurry injection below the maize (Zea mays L.) row may substitute a mineral nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) starter fertilizer (MSF) and thus reduce nutrient surpluses in regions with intensive livestock husbandry. We investigated the plant P, zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) status compared to the current farm practice. In 2014 and 2015 field trials were conducted to evaluate plant nutrient status at different growth stages. Besides an unfertilized control, two slurry injection treatments (±nitrification inhibitor (NI)) were compared to slurry broadcast application plus MSF. In both experiments NI addition significantly increased nutrient concentrations during early growth (6-leaf 2015: +33% P, +25% Zn, +39% Mn). Under P deficiency due to cold weather conditions broadcast application showed higher P uptake until 6-leaf (36–58%), while it was lower at 8- (32%) and 10-leaf (19%) stage compared to slurry injection (+NI). Zn availability was enhanced for slurry injection (+NI) during early growth and Zn and Mn uptakes were higher at harvest. Slurry injection decreased P balances by 10–14 kg P ha^?1, while Zn and Mn balances were excessive independent of treatments. Slurry injection (+NI) can substitute a MSF without affecting early growth and enhances the Zn and Mn status. This new fertilizing strategy enables farmers to reduce P surpluses.     

交联聚丙烯酰胺型保水剂对水稻盘育秧秧苗素质的影响

为了研究保水剂对育秧过程中水稻秧苗素质和生理特征的影响,进行了育秧盘中添加5~30g/盘交联聚丙烯酰胺保水剂的育秧试验。结果表明:与不添加保水剂(对照)相比,添加保水剂后秧苗的株高、叶龄、叶长、叶宽、叶鞘长有所提高,其中叶宽与对照相比差异均达显著水平;20 g/盘处理与对照相比,叶龄、最长根长、假茎宽、百株鲜质量等差异显著;15 g/盘处理秧苗百株鲜质量和干质量分别为18.56 g和2.71 g,与对照相比达显著水平。15 g/盘处理秧苗的叶绿素含量、根系活力、SOD活性分别为9.35 mg/g、4.60μg/(g·h)、129.18 U/g,为所有处理的最大值;CAT活性在5~15 g/盘处理时变化不大,超过这一范围则下降。MDA含量在保水剂添加量15 g/盘以下时变化不明显,超过20 g/盘后明显上升。育秧盘中添加15~20 g/盘保水剂可提高秧苗叶绿素含量,使秧苗SOD等功能酶处于较佳的生理状态,提高水稻根系活力,促进地下部的生长,从而提高水稻盘育秧秧苗素质。     

烤烟漂浮育苗影响因素研究进展

烤烟漂浮育苗技术是我国烤烟育苗的主要方式,对烤烟生产具有重要影响。综述了烤烟漂浮育苗的影响因素,总结了育苗基质、营养液、育苗盘、剪叶、温度和光等对漂浮育苗的影响,并对今后烤烟漂浮育苗的研究方向进行了展望。