不同种植方式下温度升高对水稻产量及同化物转运的影响

【目的】气候变暖对水稻生产系统的影响备受关注,研究不同种植方式下,水稻产量及其形成对气候变化的响应规律,为水稻种植区划、栽培措施和品种调整提供依据。【方法】 2017—2018年以南粳9108和南粳46为供试品种,模拟机插秧移栽和机械化直播2种种植方式,以常温（NT）为对照,于始穗期进行中度升温（平均增加2℃,MT）和极端高温胁迫（平均增加5℃,HT）,研究不同种植方式下温度升高对不同水稻品种的产量及其构成、同化物转运、光合生产特性的影响。【结果】在中度升温和极端高温胁迫下,南粳9108和南粳46产量降幅均为移栽<直播,长生育期品种南粳46产量降幅较小。穗干物重增长速率表现为NT>MT>HT,水稻茎叶向穗的干物质转运量、转运率均随着温度升高而递减,且南粳9108下降趋势大于南粳46。穗后21 d至成熟期,剑叶SPAD值总体随着温度的升高而增加,差异达极显著水平;剑叶净光合速率穗后14—21 d均以极端高温胁迫处理下最小,而到穗后35 d以极端高温胁迫处理下最大。剑叶气孔导度、蒸腾速率均呈NT>MT>HT趋势,生育后期差异更显著。通径分析表明,产量各构成因子对产量的影响程度为结实率>千粒重>穗数>每穗粒数,温度处理对产量各构成因子的影响都表现为负效应,且以结实率影响最大（-0.819）。相关分析表明,不同种植方式下受中度升温、极端高温胁迫后,成熟期干物质总重量、茎叶干物质转运量与产量构成因子（穗数除外）,一、二次枝梗籽粒结实率都呈极显著正相关。【结论】始穗期2—5℃升温均显著降低粳稻结实率,从而导致水稻产量降低。从光合物质特性究其原因是由于温度升高降低了干物质向穗的转运率和穗干物质积累速率,从而导致生育后期水稻剑叶SPAD值增加,延长叶片持绿时间,抑制“源”向“库”转移。从气候变暖应对措施来看,选择采用移栽种植方式和长生育期品种易于表现出对极端高温胁迫逆境较好的抗性。     

Dynamics of nitrogen translocation from mature leaves to new shoots and related gene expression during spring shoots development in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.)

The contribution of N remobilization is crucial for new shoots growth and quality formation during spring tea shoots development. However, the translocation mechanism of N from source leaves to sink young shoots is not well understood. In the present study, ¹⁵N urea was applied to mature tea leaves one week before bud break to track N remobilization in a field experiment. The dynamic changes in plant ¹⁵N abundance, contents of amino acids, and the expression levels of genes related to N metabolism and translocation were followed during the 18‐d development of new spring shoots until three expanding young leaves. The results showed that during the growth of new shoots the amount of ¹⁵N in the shoots increased, whereas the N_dff (N derived from ¹⁵N‐urea) in mature leaves decreased, showing that the foliar‐applied N in mature leaves was readily exported to new shoots. This process was found to be accompanied by decline of chlorophylls. In the mature leaves, expression CsATG18a and CsSAG12 involved in autophagy was dramatically induced (> 4‐fold) at approximately nine days after the bud breaking. The genes involved in the transformation of amino acids, including primarily CsGDH2, CsGDH4, CsGLT3, CsGS1;3, and CsASN2 were upregulated by > 3‐fold after bud breaking. The expression levels of CsATG8A, CsATG9, CsSAG12, CsGS1;1, CsGDH1, and CsAAP6 correlated negatively with the N_dff in mature leaves, but positively with ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots, suggesting these genes played important roles in N export from mature leaves. In the new shoots, the expression of most genes showed two defined peaks, one on six days and one on 12 days after bud breaking. The expression of CsGS2, CsASN3, CsGLT1, and CsAAP4 positively correlated with the ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots. These genes might be involved in the transport and re‐assimilation of N from mature leaves. The overall results demonstrated that the translocation of ¹⁵N from mature leaves to new spring shoots was regulated by the genes involved in autophagy, protein degradation, amino acid transformation and transport.     

秸秆覆盖方式和施氮量对河套灌区夏玉米氮利用及产量影响

为探究夏玉米氮素转运利用规律、产量及土壤NO3－-N含量分布对秸秆覆盖方式和施氮量的响应，在河套灌区开展2a不同秸秆覆盖方式（秸秆表覆B处理、秸秆深埋S处理）和不同施氮水平（不施氮N0、低氮N1、中氮N2、高氮N3）的田间试验，以传统耕作模式为对照（CK处理）。结果表明：在0～100 cm土层，各处理NO3－-N含量随施氮量增加而增大，成熟期B和CK处理随土层加深呈先减后增趋势，而S处理呈先增后减趋势；B处理提高0～20 cm土层NO3－-N含量，而S处理提高20～40 cm土层NO3－-N含量（P<0.05）；秸秆覆盖可减少0～100 cm土层NO3－-N累积损失量，且显著提高氮肥利用率及夏玉米氮素转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率，SN2处理效果较佳。相比CK处理，成熟期的SN2处理2 a平均NO3－-N累积损失量降低39.6%，氮肥利用率较提高28.5%，夏玉米氮素转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率提高32.1%，增产9.3%。综合分析，秸秆深埋配施中氮效果较佳，可实现河套灌区夏玉米提效增产的目标，并减少深层土壤NO3－-N累积损失量，为优化河套灌区夏玉米耕作施氮模式和缓解农业面源污染提供参考。     

播期对直播水稻产量、花后各器官干物质和氮素积累及转运的影响

为探究播期对直播水稻产量、花后干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响,以水稻品种白粳1号、长白9号和龙粳31号为供试材料,设置3个播期（SD1、SD2和SD3）,比较不同播期条件下3个品种的产量、抽穗期和成熟期各器官干物质及氮素积累与转运特点。3个品种抽穗期和成熟期各器官干物质及氮素积累量、抽穗至成熟期各器官干物质及氮素转运量和产量均表现为SD2>SD3>SD1。相关分析表明,产量与成熟期穗干物质及氮素积累量呈显著正相关,与叶片干物质和氮素转运量呈显著正相关。在本试验条件下,播期的推迟提高了3个品种有效穗数及结实率,进而提高了产量,同时促进了各器官物质转运量与转运率的提高。各品种SD2处理的产量及花后干物质、氮素积累量最高,SD2为适宜播期。     

覆盖栽培模式对冬小麦花后旗叶 光合特性及产量的影响

为探究旱地小麦秸秆带状覆盖栽培增产的光合特性和干物质积累转运的特征，在甘肃省半干旱雨养农业区以“陇中2号”为材料，研究了秸秆带状覆盖栽培（BS）、地膜覆盖栽培 （PF）和无覆盖露地栽培（CK）3种栽培模式下冬小麦花后旗叶光合特征、叶绿素荧光动力参数、干物质积累转运及产量的差异。结果表明：与CK相比，BS和PF显著提高了花后旗叶光合势、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量及叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比率，且BS在生育后期优于PF。BS整个生育期的净光合速率、气孔导度均高于CK，而PF仅生育前期发挥正效应，生育中、后期出现了负效应。BS生育前中期胞间CO₂浓度、生育中后期旗叶瞬时水分利用效率均高于PF和CK，前者分别高出2.8%~8.2%和6.7%~11.3%，后者分别高出30.3%~44.8%和27.5%~39.3%。PF在灌浆中期以前，BS在整个花后生育期显著提高了小麦花后旗叶F_v/F_m、F′_v/F′_m、ΦPSⅡ、qP、ETR，降低了NPQ。BS较PF和CK显著提高了花后干物质输入籽粒量和对籽粒粒重的贡献率，2个指标分别增加2.6%、1.0%和14.2%、8.6%。BS显著增加了单位面积穗数，提高了产量，较CK增产35.4%。说明秸秆带状覆盖能显著改善旱地冬小麦花后光合效率，促进干物质积累转运，从而达到增产的效果。     

Role of social structure in establishment of an invasive large mammal after translocation

Background

Data on the movement behavior of translocated wild pigs is needed to develop appropriate response strategies for containing and eliminating new source populations following translocation events. We conducted experimental trials to compare the home range establishment and space-use metrics, including the number of days and distance traveled before becoming range residents, for wild pigs translocated with their social group and individually.

Results

We found wild pigs translocated with their social group made less extensive movements away from the release location and established a stable home range ~5 days faster than those translocated individually. We also examined how habitat quality impacted the home range sizes of translocated wild pigs and found wild pigs maintained larger ranges in areas with higher proportion of low-quality habitat.

Conclusion

Collectively, our findings suggest translocations of invasive wild pigs have a greater probability of establishing a viable population near the release site when habitat quality is high and when released with members of their social unit compared to individuals moved independent of their social group or to low-quality habitat. However, all wild pigs translocated in our study made extensive movements from their release location, highlighting the potential for single translocation events of either individuals or groups to have far-reaching consequences within a much broader landscape beyond the location where they are released. These results highlight the challenges associated with containing populations in areas where illegal introduction of wild pigs occurs, and the need for rapid response once releases are identified. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

抗条锈病普通小麦-滨麦6BS·6NsS附加易位系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

易位系是向小麦转移外源种属优异基因的重要种质资源。普通小麦-滨麦衍生系M13063A-1由小麦-滨麦第六部分同源群二体异附加系材料连续自交获得。为了给普通小麦-滨麦衍生系M13063A-1的利用提供依据，本研究利用形态学、细胞学、原位杂交、分子标记等技术，对该材料进行了鉴定。细胞学鉴定结果显示，M13063A-1有丝分裂中期染色体数目为44条，减数分裂中期I染色体构型为2n=22Ⅱ，且在减数分裂后期Ⅰ可均等分离。原位杂交结果表明，M13063A-1含有42条普通小麦染色体和1对普通小麦-滨麦易位染色体，易位染色体长臂为滨麦Ns基因组染色体片段，短臂为6BS。分子标记分析确定M13063A-1携带的滨麦染色体片段为6NsS。成株期条锈病抗性鉴定显示，M13063A-1抗条锈菌生理小种条中31和条中32。因此，M13063A-1是一个抗条锈病的普通小麦-滨麦6BS·6NsS附加易位系，可以用作小麦抗病育种的桥梁材料。     

Role of TLR4-TRPC6 in LPS-induced NF-κB P65 expression and nuclear translocation in airway epithelial 16HBE cells

AIM: To investigate the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6) signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) P65 expression and nuclear translocation in airway epithelial cells (16HBE) for supplementing the mechanism for airway inflammation. METHODS: After stimulating the 16HBE cells with LPS at 1 mg/L for 0, 0.5, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h, the expression of NF-κB P65 at mRNA and protein levels in the 16HBE cells were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot respectively, and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB P65 was detected by immunocytochemical staining method. The effects of TLR4 inhibitor CLI-095 at 5 μmol/L and TRPC6 agonist Hyp9 at 10 μmol/L on LPS (1 mg/L)-induced NF-κB P65 expression and nuclear translocation in the 16HBE cells were determined by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunocytochemical staining. RESULTS: LPS increased the mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB P65 and nuclear translocation in the 16HBE cells(P<0.05). TLR4 inhibitor CLI-095 reduced the mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB P65 and nuclear translocation induced by LPS, while Hyp9 enhanced the mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB P65 and nuclear translocation induced by LPS in the 16HBE cells(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: LPS induces the expression and nuclear translocation of NF-κB P65 in the 16HBE cells via TLR4-TRPC6 signaling pathway.