Phosphorus fractions and dynamics as affected by land-use changes in the Central Mexican highlands

Land-use change from forest to agriculture in the volcanic ash-derived soils of Mexico has increased over recent decades. It is likely that land uses and management practices, particularly fertilizer use have affected phosphorus (P) distribution and availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of land-use types (native forest and maize mono-cropping), and the related P addition, on the forms and distribution of soil P and their isotopic exchangeability. An Andisol, sampled from a cropping site, along with the contiguous area under native forest was treated with ³²P-labelled potassium phosphate (KH₂³²PO₄). The soil samples were extracted after incubation times of 7, 21, 35 and 49 days. Phosphorus content and ³²P recovery in fractions sequentially extracted were assessed for each incubation time. Total soil P was dominated by inorganic fractions (79 to 86%) in both land-use types. Resin-Pi, bicarbonate extractable inorganic P (Bic-Pi) and sodium hydroxide extractable inorganic P (NaOH_0.1-Pi) were all raised with P addition. However, the proportion of organic P fraction was reduced under cropped soil. The recovery of ³²P in soils with P addition indicates that resin-Pi, Bic-Pi and NaOH_0.1-Pi comprised nearly all the exchangeable P. In native soils with no P addition, more than 19% of the ³²P was recovered in Bic-Po and NaOH_0.1-Po forms. This finding indicates that organic P cycling is crucial when soil Pi reserves are presented in an inadequate amount. Ecologically based management has to be designed for replenishment and succeeding maintenance of soil organic P compounds to increase sustainable agricultural production.     

基于15N示踪技术的干旱区滴灌葡萄氮素利用分析

为研究水氮调控对干旱区滴灌葡萄氮素吸收利用的影响,以新疆鲜食葡萄弗雷为试验材料,利用¹⁵N 示踪技术,设置2种灌水处理(灌水量为4 950、5 400 m³·hm^-2,分别记作W1、W2),3种施氮处理(施氮量为177、235、292 kg·hm^-2,分别记作F1、F2、F3)进行大田试验。结果表明,各处理土壤全氮含量和¹⁵N丰度差异极显著(P<0.01),并且在0~20 cm土层出现富集现象。各器官征调氮素能力随水氮投入加大极显著增强(P<0.01)。根系、茎秆、叶片器官的生物量随着吸氮量的增加极显著提高(P<0.01),而较高施氮量(F3)不利于果实器官生物量的积累。果树吸收的肥料氮量随水氮投入的加大逐渐增加,受水氮调控影响极显著(P<0.01),果树吸收的土壤氮量大于肥料氮量。W2F1的¹⁵N标记氮肥利用率和¹⁵N标记氮肥偏生产力最高,分别为38.36%和114.20 kg·kg^-1,W2F2的产量最高,为20 253 kg·hm^-2,但与W2F1差异不显著。表明水氮投入过多会引起茎秆和叶片器官徒长且不利于提高¹⁵N标记氮肥利用率。综上所述,灌水量5 400 m³·hm^-2、施氮量177 kg·hm^-2(W2F1)是兼顾经济效益与生态效应的可行水氮运筹模式。本研究结果为干旱区滴灌葡萄高产高效种植提供了参考。     

基于REE示踪的土壤团聚体破碎转化路径定量表征

土壤团聚体破碎转化路径是坡面侵蚀过程研究的难点问题之一。目前团聚体破碎转化路径的定量表征仍不明晰,一定程度上限制了土壤侵蚀过程中泥沙分选搬运机制的深入研究。基于大样带调查选取6种不同质地的典型农耕地土壤为研究对象,结合稀土元素(Rare Earth Elements,REE)示踪方法,综合分析不同粒径土壤团聚体(5~2,2~1,1~0.5,0.5~0.25,<0.25 mm)和不同径流扰动周期(24 h,7天)对REE吸附和解吸能力的影响,探究REE示踪不同粒径土壤团聚体破碎转化的可行性,定量表征了土壤团聚体破碎转化路径。结果表明:REE与土壤团聚体的实际吸附浓度低于施放浓度,2~1,1~0.5,0.5~0.25,<0.25 mm土壤团聚体的REE吸附浓度与黏粒含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);径流扰动影响对吸附于土壤团聚体的REE解吸作用十分微弱,解吸浓度仅占REE实际吸附浓度的0.001%~0.139%。5~2,2~1,1~0.5,05~0.25,<0.25 mm土壤团聚体经过湿筛后向各粒径转化的路径基本相同,向<0.25 mm微团聚体转化为土壤团聚体破碎的主要路径。相较于粉粒、黏粒含量较高的土壤团聚体,砂粒含量较高的土壤团聚体向1~0.5,0.5~0.25 mm粒径的转化贡献率整体偏低。基于REE示踪得到的>0.25 mm各粒径团聚体质量整体被低估,低估范围为-27.96%^-11.08%;而<0.25 mm团聚体质量则被高估,高估范围为3.65%~22.73%。基于各粒径土壤团聚体的REE量化值建立了校正关系,可将计算相对误差降低至0.04%~16.24%。     

Analysis of the structure of lignin-carbohydrate complexes by the specific13C tracer method

In the present study the specifically¹³C-enriched lignin precursors of biosynthesis (i.e., coniferin-[side chain–¹³C], coniferin-[side chain-–¹³C] and coniferin-[side chain-–¹³C]) were synthesized and administered exogeneously to ginkgo shoots (Ginkgo biloba L.) to obtain¹³C-enriched lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs). The specifically¹³C-enriched LCCs were isolated from the newly formed xylem of ginkgo shoots administered with the¹³C-enriched precursors and degraded by enzymes. Lignin-rich fractions, so called enzyme-degraded LCCs (EDLCCs), were obtained. By determining their¹³C-NMR spectra, information related to the chemical structure of lignin building units and linkages between phenylpropane units of lignin and carbohydrates were obtained. It was found that these precursors were incorporated in natural lignin successfully. Three lignin-carbohydrates linkages (i.e., ether type, ester type, ketal type) were found at the C -position of the side chain of phenylpropane units in ginkgo LCC. No lignin-carbohydrate bond at the C- or C-position of the lignin side chain was observed in the¹³C-NMR spectra of the¹³C-enriched LCCs. This fact indicates that a specific¹³C tracer technique can be useful in NMR study of the chemical structure of LCCs.Part of this paper was presented at the 5th Pacific Polymer Conference, Kyongju, Korea, October 1997     

有机无机肥配施对小麦吸收氮磷及土壤肥力的影响

￣（１５）Ｎ示踪试验表明，有机无机肥配施促进了有机叉的矿化和小麦对有机氮的吸收利用，基施氮肥主要用于营养器官的形成，返青追肥主要用于生殖器官的形成。有机无机氮肥配施提高了总氮生产效率。配施处理小麦对磷素的吸收总量稍高于单施无机氮肥处理，磷素在籽粒中的分配率稍低于单施无机氮肥处理是导致磷素生产效率下降的重要因素。有机无机肥配施提高小麦产量的同时也培肥了地力，是小麦高产稳产的重主措施之一     

淹水土壤中久效磷的降解及消失动态

本试验在实验室模拟土壤淹水条件下,研究微生物对久效磷残留及降解的影响。结果表明:在未经灭菌的土壤中,久效磷及其降解物的消失比在灭菌土壤中快,相应的回归方程为C_WT=5.4502e~(-0.0254)t,C_YT=5.8509—0.0423t,残留半衰期分别为27.3和69.2天。久效磷在淹水土壤中降解为甲醇可抽提态和不可抽提态残留物,对甲醇可抽提态残留物经TLC和红外光谱分析表明,其降解物为磷酸三酯、N-去甲基久效磷、O,O-二甲基乙烯基磷酸酯,0-去甲基久效磷,以及O,C-去甲基久效磷,但主要为磷酸三酯,其含量由母液中的5％增加到28—83％,这种降解过程,在未灭菌土壤中比在灭菌土壤中快。     

基于土壤侵蚀定位土芯元素示踪法和GIS技术红壤小流域坡地土壤肥力的综合评价

利用定位土芯稀土元素(Eu)示踪法及中子活化技术,对蒋家塘小流域坡地土壤侵蚀空间分 布规律进行了研究,并利用模糊数学的方法,建立了影响蒋家塘小流域侵蚀土壤肥力因素单因子评价模型,利用层次分析法确定各评价因子的权重,并用加权法得到 每个评价单元的土壤肥力综合指数,根据其数值的大小,将土壤肥力分为高(>0.45)、中( 0.25～0.45)和低(<0.25)3级.借助地理信息系统软件ARCVIEW3.1对蒋家塘小流域坡地土壤 侵蚀状况和土壤肥力状况进行了分析,结果表明地形部位较高,坡度较大,植被较少或裸 露的坡顶及上坡部位,土壤侵蚀量较大,侵蚀程度严重;而在地形部位较缓,植被覆盖度较 大的坡段土壤侵蚀量较小,侵蚀较轻.植被覆盖度较小,顺坡种植的坡段,土壤侵蚀量较大 ,土壤侵蚀严重;而植被覆盖度较大,等高梯田种植的坡段土壤侵蚀量较小,土壤侵蚀较轻 ;下坡部位土壤往往发生沉积.在整个小流域中,侵蚀程度严重(>100 t/hm2*a)的坡地面积比例为15.67%,侵蚀程度中等(10～100 t/hm2*a)的坡地比例为22.13%,侵蚀程度较轻(1～10 t/hm2*a)坡地比例为5.60%,无侵蚀(<1 t/hm2*a)的坡地比例为34 .23%.土壤肥力较高的坡地面积比例为22.00%,中等的为34.75%,低下的为20.85%.蒋家塘 小流域坡地土壤肥力水平多数处于中下等水平,占总流域面积的55.60%,占坡地面积71 .62%. 水土流失是造成土壤肥力降低,土壤贫瘠化的一个最重要的原因,侵蚀严重的地方,土壤肥 力低下,侵蚀较轻或沉积的地方,土壤肥力较高,土壤侵蚀模数与土壤肥力指数之间的相关指数为0.801(n=33),达极显著水平.     

土壤容重对土壤供氮能力及棉花吸收利用氮素的影响

本文应用~(15)N示踪法研究不同土壤容重对土壤供氮能力及棉花吸氮的影响。阐明了丘陵黄棕壤地区棉花低产的原因是棉田土壤容重过大,使土壤的供氮能力——A_N值显著下降,棉株对氮素养分的吸收量减少,而且延缓了氮素养分由营养器官向生殖器官的转运。降低土壤容重是挖掘丘陵黄棕壤地区棉田增产潜力的有效施施。     

15N示踪研究烤烟对氮的吸收及分配

采用盆栽试验，利用^15N示踪研究了烤烟对不同形态氮的吸收利用规律。结果表明，烤烟各部位叶片对氮素的积累量表现为中部叶〉上部叶〉下部叶；肥料氮进入的比例具有下部叶〉中部叶〉上部叶的规律。不同生育期肥料氮进入烟叶中的比例，以团棵期最高，之后肥料氮进入的比例减少，统计分析结果表明（5％水平），从现蕾期到成熟期之间差异不大。同位素^15N标记肥料施入土壤后约39％～53％被烟株吸收利用，约22％～41％损失，约20％～37％残留于土壤中。     

水稻对氮素的吸收、分配及其在组织中的挥发损失

应用¹⁵N示踪技术研究了水稻不同生育期吸收的¹⁵N在各器官中的分配,以及后期植物组织中的挥发损失。结果发现,水稻在分蘖期吸收的氮量少于在幼穗分化期吸收的氮量;在分蘖期吸收的¹⁵N,标记结束时氮素主要分配于水稻的叶片中,至成熟期¹⁵N有39%转运至水稻子粒中;水稻在幼穗分化期吸收的¹⁵N,标记结束时氮素主要分配在水稻茎和叶鞘中,至成熟期¹⁵N有46%转运至水稻的子粒中;水稻在分蘖期和幼穗分化期吸收的氮素在后期可以通过植株组织挥发损失,至成熟期损失的比例分别达16.7%和13.4%。