The carbon budget of an adult <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus cembra</Emphasis> tree at the alpine timberline in the Central Austrian Alps

We investigated carbon (C) uptake and respiratory losses of an adult Pinus cembra tree at the alpine timberline throughout an entire year by means of an automated, multiplexing gas exchange system. These chamber measurements were then combined with biomass data for scaling up the C budget to the tree level. Integrated over an entire year, the cumulative C gain of the tree under study was 23.5 kg of C in 2002. The daily C balance was negative for 5 months and the estimated total wintertime respiratory losses were 9% of the amount of C fixed during the growing season. The total annual C loss of the tree consumed 55% of the annual net C gain and the remaining surplus was stored in new tissues (36%) and used for fine root growth (9%). Thus, the overall C budget of P. cembra at the upper timberline is balanced fairly well, although the C sink strength in fine roots is strongly limited owing to low root zone temperatures when compared to conifers at lower elevation sites.     

祁连山中段青海云杉高山林线交错区树轮宽度与气候变化的关系

通过对祁连山中段青海云杉高山林线交错区进行取样,研究了交错区内4个不同海拔树木生长与气候变化的关系。结果表明:在林线交错区内,树木生长对气候变化的敏感性不高,年表统计特征沿海拔并没有一致的变化趋势。气候对树木生长的影响表现出非常明显的“生长滞后效应”,所有样地的轮宽指数与上一年10月的降水显著正相关,多数样地的轮宽指数与上一年7、8月的温度显著负相关,后者体现了有效水分供应的限制作用。同时,多数样地的轮宽指数与当年2月降水显著负相关。整个林线交错区的树轮生长主要受生长季之前(上一生长季和秋冬季)的气候指标的影响,而与当年生长季气候没有明显的联系。本文和相关研究发现的林线树木生长对气候变化并不敏感的现象,与高山林线主要受生长季温度限制的传统认识明显不同。      

林线对气候变化响应的国内研究进展与展望

高山林线作为一种特殊的生态交错带, 由于其对气候变化的高度敏感性, 成为近年来全球气候变化研究的热点之一。国内对林线的研究起步较晚, 林线对气候变化的响应方面的研究特别是定量研究更少。文中讨论林线的概念和界定方法, 综述林线对气候变化响应的国内研究进展, 总结以往研究存在的问题, 并提出未来研究的趋向。     

Vertical and leaf-age-related variations of nonstructural carbohydrates in two alpine timberline species, southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Spatial pattern of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) was analyzed in two alpine timberline species (Abies georgei and Juniperus saltuaria) growing at the timberline in Sergyemla Mountain, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We aimed to examine the effect of canopy height and leaf age on balance between carbon uptake and consumption of timberline tree species in extremely environmental condition. The results showed that no significantly vertical variation in sugars, starch or NSC (soluble sugars plus starch) in A. georgei was found for any aged needles. Also, there were no significant differences among vertical gradients in both current and last-year leaves for J. saltuaria. However, different-aged needles/leaves showed significant differences in NSC concentrations in both A. georgei and J. saltuaria. For A. georgei, needle mean NSC across vertical canopies showed a significant increase from current-year to 2-year needles (P < 0.05), followed by a gradual decrease from 2- to 5-year needles (P < 0.05), whereas for J. saltuaria, last-year leaves had significant higher NSC except sugars compared with current-year leaves across canopies (P < 0.01). The observed trends of NSC along vertical canopy heights and leaf ages suggested that, in extreme environmental condition, not only light-induced carbon acquisition in photosynthesis but also carbohydrate export from leaves should be taken into account to explain the spatial pattern of NSC.     

树轮生态学研究进展

树轮生态学是现代树轮年代学的重要分支, 在全球气候变化引起的资源、环境等压力日益增大的今天, 越来越显示出树轮生态学研究的理论和现实意义。文中简要概述了树轮分析在森林干扰、群落动态、森林结构、林分更新方式以及高山林线研究方面的进展。树轮生态学将对我国树木个体生长情况和群落动态的研究, 虫灾、火灾、风灾和森林动态的关系以及森林管理相关的研究发挥重要作用。     

太白山高山林线区太白红杉林年轮宽度对气候变化的响应

以秦岭中段的太白山生态公园和太白山自然保护区的高山林线太白红杉(Larix chinensis)林为研究对象,应用相关分析、逐步回归等方法对其年轮生长动态与气候因子变化的响应进行了分析与研究。结果表明:太白红杉林上坡位及林缘样本中包含了丰富的气候信息,适于作为研究样地进行年轮分析;个别月份的气象因子对年轮生长的影响要显著地高于年际的影响;太白红杉年轮序列与当年4月份温度呈显著正相关;太白红杉年轮序列与月降水量关系复杂,与当年8月份的降水量为显著负相关,而与当年10月份的降水量为显著正相关。气候因子对太白红杉生长的滞后效应分析表明:降水的滞后性较温度明显,但都未通过显著性检验。根据响应函数重建部分气候因子变化模型后得到,当年4月份平均温度、当年8月份降水量和当年10月份降水量的预测模型最为稳定。     

无人为干扰下不同生境阔叶林的群落结构特征

以江西武夷山国家级自然保护区核心区为无干扰环境,选取河岸带、内陆森林和林线3种生境阔叶林群落为研究对象。群落结构特征分析结果显示：1）不同生境类型的群落建群种不同,但群落各层主要优势种的重要值均呈差异不显著,物种组成上均以壳斗科、樟科、山茶科、山矾科、杜鹃花科、蔷薇科、冬青科等为常见,且种属数较多。2）立木总株数（乔灌木）林线群落高于其他生境群落,但不同生境类型的群落间乔木与灌木平均株数均呈差异不显著。3）群落各层物种的种数及各物种多样性指数均有河岸带＆gt;内陆森林＆gt;林线,乔木层、草本层与层间植物物种种数以及物种多样性Patrick、Gleason、Margalef和Shannon-Weiner指数,河岸带均与其他生境类型群落差异呈显著性;而灌木层物种种数及多样性Simpson和Pielou指数差异不呈显著性。4）散点图和线性回归得出林线群落活立木平均高度和平均胸径均高于其他生境类型的群落。     

白龙江沙滩林场高山林线主要森林群落结构与数量分布

高山林线是一种典型的生态交错带,是对气候反映最敏感的地区之一。通过对白龙江沙滩林场高山林线主要森林种群结构的研究,结果表明:(1)沙滩林场高山林线区域植被分布比较明显,随着海拔的升高,依次是乔木林、乔灌混交林、灌木林、高山草甸,最后是裸岩;群落垂直分层最上层以岷江冷杉为主,中层主要是杜鹃,下层以小灌木为主。(2)研究区主要以岷江冷杉和杜鹃为建群种,重要值分别是25.99%和27.73%,两者之和超过其他所有物种之和,相对优势度分别为39.39%和29.08%,两者之和占所有植物优势度的70%左右。(3)从群落的高度级分布的统计结果来看,高度级结构呈倒J型分布。高度级第Ⅰ级的植物株数最多,其中岷江冷杉幼苗占31.9%,杜鹃幼苗占28.6%。     

Coincidences between different landscape ecological zones and growth forms of Cembran pine (Pinus cembra L.) in subalpine habitats of the Central Alps

The forgotten depots of the European Nutcracker (Nucifraga c. caryocatactes) often lead to the development of tufts of Pinus cembra. In many cases the other individuals of such tufts are not suppressed by the fittest one, rather there is an intraspecific coexistence up to the senescent stage of the trees. There are fusions of separate trunks, and so frequently the individual history of older trees can only be reconstructed by studying sutures, crown structures or trunk cross sections. Different types of trunk fusions are worked out. By means of transect counting the occurrence of these multiple trunk trees is documented quantitatively in different landscape ecological zones of the Engadin region (the Grisons, Switzerland). The data base is 3024 counted microsites of Pinus cembra individuals arising from seeds, including 5272 living individuals. These multiple trunk trees significantly play an important role in the landscape ecological zones of recent glacier recession and at the alpine timberline. Their growth forms have a higher biomechanical stability.     

长白山岳桦体内碳素供应状况

低温条件常常驱动的碳缺乏导致高海拔处植物生长缓慢,生长季的高寒低温更是限制高海拔地区树木向上分布的关键因素之一。高海拔地区的不利