晋中盆地典型耕地厚度、土壤养分空间变异

旨在探究旱作区耕地土壤耕层厚度及土壤养分空间格局与变异规律。以晋中盆地典型耕地土壤为研究对象,运用地统计学方法对耕地耕层厚度及土壤养分的空间变异进行分析,土壤养分选取有机质、pH、有效磷、缓效钾4个指标。结果表明：（1）各个指标的空间自相关性都是随着距离的增加而减小;（2）有效磷的半变异函数最优模型为高斯模型,其他指标的最优模型均为指数模型。各指标的块金系数由大到小依次为：有机质>有效磷>pH>耕层厚度>缓效钾;（3）耕层厚度、有效磷均为西北高东南低的空间格局,缓效钾为东北高西南低,有机质为西南高东北低,pH除北洸乡偏低外均偏高。地统计方法能良好地描述土壤性质的空间分布和变异特征,各土壤性质的空间变异过程中随机性与结构性并存,并且随机性均小于50%。     

钢筋砼水池软弱地基处理的设计及应用

通过对大型人饮水源工程1500m3水池软弱地基进行换填处理设计,计算换填垫层在不同工况下,砼水池在软弱地基上的承载力和变形。优化必选最佳的组合参数,再强夯处理,结合地基处理技术规范,提出解决中小型砼水池软弱地基的处理方法；结果表明,换填结合强夯法处理软弱地基经济效益良好,满足工程质量和地基承载力要求。      

造林密度对三倍体白杨杂种无性系胸径和树皮厚度的影响

三倍体杨树具有突出的营养生长优势，研究造林密度对三倍体毛白杨杂种无性系径向生长的影响规律，可为三倍体毛白杨工业用材林营建和经营管理提供理论指导。以定植于河北威县的11年生三倍体白杨杂种无性系（B301、B331和S86）以及二倍体毛白杨对照无性系1316密度试验林为研究对象，研究造林密度（2 490、1 665、1 110、825、615、495株/hm²和405株/hm²）对三倍体白杨杂种无性系胸径和树皮厚度的影响。结果表明，造林密度和无性系以及造林密度与无性系间的交互效应均对三倍体白杨杂种无性系的胸径生长具有极显著的影响，以495株/hm²造林密度条件下三倍体白杨杂种无性系S86的胸径生长量最大，平均胸径达25.1 cm；三倍体白杨杂种无性系B301、S86的胸径生长量显著大于无性系B331和二倍体对照毛白杨无性系1316；无性系对11年生三倍体白杨杂种无性系的树皮厚度具有极显著的影响，造林密度对11年生三倍体白杨杂种无性系的树皮厚度具有显著的影响。三倍体白杨杂种无性系B301、B331、S86以及二倍体对照毛白杨无性系1316内部个体间胸径与树皮厚度均呈现正相关，说明树皮厚度随着胸径生长量的增大而增厚。研究结果对于认识造林密度对杨树径向生长的影响和指导三倍体白杨良种无性系的推广具有重要意义。     

Influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand in the Qarhan Desert,Qaidam Basin of China: A wind tunnel experiment

Determination of the threshold shear velocity is essential for predicting sand transport, dust release and desertification. In this study, a wind tunnel experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand. Saline sand samples (mean particle size of 164.50-186.08 μm and the total silt, clay and salt content of 0.80%-8.25%) were collected from three saline sand dunes (one barchan dune and two linear dunes) in the Qarhan Desert, Qaidam Basin of China. Original saline sand samples were placed in two experimental trays for wet and dry processing to simulate deliquescence and desiccation, respectively. Surface moisture content ranging from 0.30% to 1.90% was generated by the steam method so that the saline sand can absorb water in a saturated water vapor environment. The motion of sand particles was determined by the observers with a solid laser. The laser sheet (0.80 cm thick), which was emitted by the solid laser, horizontally covered the sand surface and was bound to the sand. Results show that the cohesion of saline sand results from a combination of salt and water. The threshold shear velocity increases exponentially with the increase in crust thickness for the linear sand dunes. There is a positive linear correlation between the original moisture content and relative threshold shear velocity. The threshold shear velocity of dewatered sand is greater than that of wet sand with the same original moisture content. Our results will provide valuable information about the sand transport of highly saline soil in the desert.     

利用荚果厚度模拟大豆鼓粒进程的研究

大豆籽粒发育可分为鼓粒期和籽粒归圆期,探究无损伤检测鼓粒进程的指标对大豆相关研究具有重要意义。本研究以青鲜819-4、冀豆17、鲁96150和V94-3971为试验材料,通过分期播种、连续测定标记花荚的荚果厚度,分期收获同日标记的大豆籽粒并进行发芽率测定,研究大豆鼓粒期荚果厚度变化。结果表明:1)鼓粒期鲜荚皮厚度基本保持恒定,因此荚果厚度可用于度量籽粒厚度的变化。荚果厚度(y)与开花后日数(x)的关系可以用二次函数(y=ax2+bx+c)进行有效模拟。利用模拟函数可以对大豆鼓粒始期、最大荚果厚度出现期、鼓粒持续期以及平均鼓粒速率等进行有效预测。荚果最大厚度可用作判定大豆籽粒开始具备发芽能力的外观指标。2)荚果厚度变化受材料特性和外界环境的共同影响。同一材料不同时期标记的花荚,荚果厚度增速趋势可能有差异,因此在大豆籽粒灌浆特性研究中,同日标记花荚是籽粒灌浆特性研究中一项必要的控制措施。3)不同材料鼓粒特性存在差异,选择鼓粒启动早、鼓粒速度快的大豆品种是可行的。荚果厚度有望成为研究大豆灌浆特性和适时早收的无损伤选择指标。     

插条粗度和萌芽度对降香黄檀扦插成活率的影响

在江门市林科所苗圃选择不同粗细度、不同萌芽度的降香黄檀插条进行扦插繁殖试验,每10 d进行1次成活率调查。结果表明:插条的萌芽度和粗细度均极显著影响扦插的成活率,萌芽度和粗细度的交互作用对扦插的成活率也有极显著影响;未萌芽插条扦插成活率明极显高于已萌芽插条的扦插成活率;3种粗细度的枝条中以粗细度为0.7~1.2 cm的插条扦插成活率最高;在枝条萌芽度及粗细度交互作用下,粗细度为0.7~1.2 cm的未萌芽插条扦插成活率最高,粗细度小于0.7 cm的已萌芽插条扦插成活率最低。     

Effects of light and microsite conditions on tree size of 6-year-old Cryptomeria japonica planted in a group selection opening

We examined the extent to which direct and indirect measures of light and microsite conditions could explain variation in tree height and diameter at the base of 6-year-old Cryptomeria japonica trees planted in a group selection opening of about 0.32 ha on a steep slope at Shiiba, Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan. We first used the gap light index (GLI) and soil thickness (ST) as directly measured indices. For an indirect measure of light, we used a between-cohort competition index (BCI) estimated from the position and total height of residual trees. For indirect measures of microsite, we examined topographic indices (slope, plan and profile curvature, average slope gradient, and relative elevation) derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) with different resolutions ranging from 2 to 10 m. The multiple linear regression using GLI and ST explained about 45% of variation in tree size, while simple regression using only GLI explained about 35%. The contribution of ST was about half of GLI. The multiple regressions using BCI and the topographic indices did not explain any more variation than using BCI alone (R ² of about 0.26). We conclude that microsite conditions with shallower soil and steeper slope have negative effects on tree growth in group selection openings, although the relative importance is smaller than light conditions. More comprehensive studies considering several openings with more heterogeneous topography including different species are needed to generalize our growth prediction using the indirect measures, which are useful for practical forest management.     

Wood Moisture Content Measurement by X-Ray Exposure Method

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Fatigue of structural plywood under cyclic shear through thickness I: fatigue process and failure criterion based on strain energy

The fatigue behavior of plywood specimens under shear through thickness was examined on the basis of strain energy to obtain common empirical equations for the fatigue process and failure criterion under various loading conditions. Specimens were cut from commercial plywood panels of 9-mm thickness. Loading conditions were set as follows: a square waveform at a loading frequency of 0.5 Hz, a triangular waveform at 0.5 Hz, and a triangular waveform at 5.0 Hz. Peak stress applied was determined to be 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 of static strength, that is, stress levels of 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9. The stress-strain relationships were measured throughout the fatigue test, and the strain energy was obtained at each loading cycle. Loading conditions apparently affected the relationship between stress level and fatigue life. On the other hand, the relationship between mean strain energy per cycle and fatigue life was found to be independent of loading conditions. Mean strain energy per cycle obtained as the fatigue limit was 5.85 kJ/m³ per cycle. Assuming that the accumulation of strain energy is a fatigue indicator, the fatigue process and failure criterion for the plywood specimens under the three loading conditions were commonly expressed by the relationship between cumulative strain energy and loading cycles.     

Performance of samama (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) LVL based on veneer thickness,juvenile proportion and lay-up

ABSTRACT

A study to determine the quality of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) from samama wood (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) was carried out. Samama is a fast-growing endemic wood in eastern Indonesia. Factorial of three factors in RAL design was used to investigate the influence of veneer thickness, juvenile proportion and veneer lay-up to the quality of the resulted samama LVL. The veneer thicknesses were 1.5 and 3.0?mm. Juvenile proportions were arranged in five levels, which were 100% of juvenile veneer, 100% of mature veneer and combination of both juvenile and mature with juvenile proportion of 14%, 43% and 71%. Two veneer lay-up used in this study were loose side met loose side and tight side met loose side. The result of the study showed various specific gravity of LVL by different proportions of juvenile. This factor also affected the other physical traits. Shear strength of the LVL was equal to the solid wood, yet MOE and MOR were affected by juvenile proportion and veneer lay-up. LVL developed from 100% of mature veneer exhibited the highest MOE and MOR, yet no significant difference was noted in MOE and MOR between LVL 100% of juvenile and other tested juvenile proportions.