树干茎流研究方法及其述评

树干茎流研究是国内外森林水文学研究中的重要内容,对国内外树干茎流的研究方法及研究成果进行综述,并将树干茎流研究方法分为野外实测法和数学模型估测法,分别进行了系统分类和简要述评。树干茎流的野外实测法有观测标准株的选取与树干茎流水的收集两个关键技术环节。树干茎流的数学模型分为3种类型,即经验模型、概念模型、理论模型。经验模型反映的是树干茎流量(或茎流流率)与降雨量的定量关系,概念模型描述的是茎流量与降雨特征及林分特征因子的数量关系,理论模型刻画了树干茎流形成的机理和动态变化过程(树干茎流随降雨的时空变化规律),分别给出了各类模型主要的数学表达式,并分析了各类模型主要的优点和缺点。     

Changes in the chemical composition of water percolating through the soil profile in a moderately polluted catchment

Throughfall (TF), stemflow (SF), soil solution below the organic layer (SS_org) and at 50 cm depth (SS₅₀), and output with stream water (SW) were measured and analyzed for four years in a moderately polluted forest catchment in southern Poland. The input of water with stemflow was ca. 6% of input with TF. However, due to higher concentrations of most ions in SF, the input of most elements with SF was from 8% to 9%. Sulphate (SO₄ ^2–), chloride (Cl^–) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) were the only ions steadily increasing in concentrations in water percolating through the soil profile. Nitrogen reached the forest floor mainly as ammonium (NH₄ ⁺). In the soil organic layer the NH₄ ⁺ concentration decreased, while concentrations of nitrate (NO₃ ^–) and hydrogen (H⁺) increased, probably due to nitrification. For NO₃ ^–, sodium (Na⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺), the highest concentrations were found in SS_org and SW. This indicates both efficient cycling in the biotic pool of the ecosystem and intensive weathering processes in the mineral soil below the plant rooting zone. The latter was especially pronounced for Mg and Ca. Concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were the highest in SS_org and SS₅₀. As this was accompanied by a low pH and constant input of H⁺, NH₄ ⁺ and heavy metal ions to the catchment area, it may pose a serious threat to forest health.     

用平均木法测定杉木林树干茎流的初步尝试

在广西田林老山林区同一杉木成熟林样地(800m~2)内,选用1株平均木和14株加权平均木的方法,分别对树干茎流进行了比较测定研究。结果表明:(1)用1株平均木测定法,具有简便易行、节省人力、财力的特点;与14株加权平均木测定法相比较,平均测定精度达到98.2％。(2)杉木成熟林开始产生树干茎流的时间比降雨开始的时间推迟8～50min,树干茎流终止的时间比降雨终止的时间延续47～140mim;一次树干茎流过程的总持续时间比降雨过程的总持续时间延续24～65min。(3)树干茎流位与降雨量呈直线相关;树干茎流开始产生的时间与茎流产生前时段的降雨强度呈对数函数相关;树干茎流的终止时间与降雨终止前20min时段的降雨强度呈幂函数相关。一次树干茎流过程的总持续时间与降雨过程的总持续时间呈直线相关。     

模拟降雨条件下玉米植株对降雨再分配的作用

为了辨明成熟期玉米对降雨的再分配作用,有效地防治区域水土流失,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,就川西低山丘陵区成熟期玉米植株对降雨的冠层截留量、茎秆流量和穿透雨量的作用进行了研究。结果表明:冠层截留率平均为7.5%,茎秆流率平均为28.8%,穿透雨率平均为63.7%。随着降雨强度的增加,单位时间内玉米冠层的截留量呈增加趋势,但随着玉米植株的叶面积增大,有效截留量却呈减少趋势,株高和角度对它的影响较小。随着叶面积和降雨强度的增加,茎秆流量呈增加趋势,角度影响较小。随着叶面积的增加,穿透雨量呈减少趋势;而随着降雨强度的增加,单位时间内穿透雨的数量呈增加的变化趋势,株高影响较小。     

树皮对大气污染和降水酸度的指示作用

通过对南平地区森林降水酸度和化学成分的定位监测，结合１０个树种的树皮浸提液的分析表明，树皮酸化和大气污染之间存在着明显的相互关系。在大气污染较重、降水酸度较高的西芹林场，所有树皮样品的酸度均比对照的福建林学院实验林的高，对碱的缓冲能力也较大。明显酸化的树干茎流影响了林下土壤的酸度。在一定范围内，离树干越近，土壤的酸度越高。因此，树皮对南平地区大气污染和降水酸度具有比较敏感的指示作用。     

华北油松人工林树枝特征函数对干流量影响的研究

从干流形成的机制出发,提出树枝特征函数概念,进而对油松树冠结构与干流的关系进行了研究。结果表明:干流量随着树枝特征函数值的增加而增加;应该把树枝特征函数值的大小作为选择干流观测树的依据。     

森林截留降水酸度及其对林下土壤的影响

通过一年的定点对比监测表明，树干茎流的酸度明显地高于林外雨和林内雨的酸度，高污染源较近的西芹监测场的降水酸度普遍比污染源较远的福建林学院监测场的高．降水酸度影响了林下土壤的性质．林下土壤交换性酸度随降水酸度的提高而增加，而土壤交换性盐基离子浓度和Ｃａ２＋／Ａｌ３＋则相应下降，土壤有效磷的含量也略有下降．     

岷江上游油松人工林对降水的截留分配效应

为了评估人工油松林的水源涵养服务功能 ,选择岷江上游典型的 2 3年生油松人工林 ,定位监测了冠层对 1年中共 136次降水事件的截留分配效应 .观测期降水总量为 80 5 8mm ,林冠截留、茎流和穿透水量分别是 2 97 892、6 7 771和 4 4 0 137mm ,林冠截留率、茎流率、穿透率分别为 36 97%、8 4 1%、5 4 6 2 % .林外降水量大于 0 3mm时才观测到林内穿透雨 ,而大于 2 8mm时 ,才观测到树干茎流 .林冠对降水的截流分配与降水量、降水形态以及林分特征密切相关 .冠层截留量、茎流量和穿透量与降水量均呈显著的线性正相关 ,但冠层截留率与降水量呈对数负相关 ,而茎流率和穿透率呈对数正相关 ;林冠对降雪的截留强于降雨 ,而降雨的穿透量强于降雪 .同一降水事件下树干茎流量随着胸径的增大而增加 .松针自身吸水对降水有一定的截流分配作用 .综合分析表明 ,岷江上游 2 3年生油松人工林较其他油松林林冠对降水有更好的截留率 .     

江西千烟洲试验区大气降雨及人工林树干茎流特征

对中国科学院千烟洲试验区大气降水特征及人工林树干茎流进行了研究，结果表明：年降雨量大部分集中在3～9月份，其中以5月份最大，日降雨量低于5.0mm的小雨较多。以木荷林的干流量最大，为100.54mm，其次是蓝桉，为66.96mm，其它的顺序分别是：枫香41.21mm、喜树36.73mm、苦楝28.26mm，湿地松最小，为15.97mm。6种森林类型干流量的月际变化基本上都是随着降水量增加而增加，其中以木荷林较为明显。但是各森林类型的干流率则大致相同，有时降水量增大干流率反而减少，如2月份降水量仅8.3mm，6种森林类型的干流量分别只有0.57mm、0.39mm、0.03mm、0.16mm、0.12mm和0.41mm，干流率却分别达到6.87％、4.60％0.36％、1.93％、1.45％和4.94％；4月份的降水量达到了218.9mm，干流率却分别只有6.03％、2.61％1.05％、2.45％、1.87％和4.33％。     

A preliminary evaluation of throughfall sampling techniques in a mature coniferous forest

Rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were measured and canopy interception loss was derived for 14 rainfall events from June 22 to August 30, 2008 within a mature declining hybrid white spruce(Picea glauca(Moench) Voss × P. engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.)- subalpine fir(Abies lasiocarpa(Hook.) Nutt.)- lodgepole pine(Pinus contorta var.latifolia Dougl. ex Loud.) stand in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Stemflow was negligible during the study period, while, respectively throughfall and canopy interception loss accounted for approximately59.4% and 40.6% of the 50.1 mm of cumulative rainfall. Throughfall variability was assessed with three approaches involving roving and stationary wedge-type gauges, and stationary trough gauges. Throughfall exhibited large spatial variability with the coefficient of variability of study period throughfall sampled using 16 stationary trough gauges being30.3%, while it was 38.0% and 28.7% for 32 stationary and 32 roving wedge gauges, respectively. Our analysis suggests that a roving gauge method is better than a stationary approach since the errors associated with event mean throughfalls are summed quadratically and a greater portion of the canopy area is sampled. Trough gauges were more efficient than wedge gauges; however, this efficiency was less than expected given their much larger sampling areas, suggesting that spatial autocor-relation lengths of throughfall may be longer than the trough systems. The spatial distribution of throughfall showed a high degree of temporal persistence throughout the study suggesting the existence of stable "wet" and "dry" inputs to the floors of these coniferous forests.