Exploring tree diversity and stand structure of savanna woodlands in southeastern Sudan

Savanna woodlands in Sudan host great biodiversity, provide a plethora of ecosystem goods and services to local communities, and sustain numerous ecological functions. Although the importance of the Acacia trees in these areas is well known, up-to-date information about these woodlands' diversity is limited and changes in their woody vegetation composition, density, diversity and relative frequency are not monitored over time. This study explored tree diversity and stand stage structure in Nuara Reserved Forest, a typical savanna woodland ecosystem in southeastern Sudan. A total of 638 circular sample plots (1000 m² for each) were established using a systematic sampling grid method. The distance between plots was 200 m. In each plot, all living trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥5.00 cm were identified and counted, and their DBH values were recorded. From these data, tree composition, diversity, density and stage structure were assessed. There were 12,259 individual trees representing four species (Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia Senegal and Acacia mellifera) that belong to two families. The dominant species was Acacia seyal. Average tree density was 191 trees/hm² and the Shannon-Weiner index for trees diversity was 0.204. Overall, young trees comprised 86.30% of the forest. The state of tree richness and density in the study area was low compared to other similar environments in the region and around the world. We recommended adoption of a proper management system that includes monitoring of woody vegetation diversity in this forest, and management actions to enhance tree diversity and sustain ecosystem services to local communities. In addition to care for the dominant Acacia seyal stands, more attention and conservation should be devoted to reestablishing Acacia senegal and Acacia mellifera trees because of their high ecological and economic values for local communities.     

芝麻不同生育阶段需水特性与干旱灌溉应用研究

探讨芝麻不同生育阶段需水特性与干旱灌溉水分生产效率,为芝麻高产栽培的合理灌溉和水分管理提供科学依据,2013-2018年在安徽、新疆等不同地域,选用6个芝麻主栽品种,开展芝麻不同生育阶段需水特性和灌溉水利用研究。结果表明：盆栽芝麻的全生育期蒸腾需水量平均为283.59mm,品种间差异大,形成100kg芝麻籽粒蒸腾需水量为263.56mm(175.7t/666.7m²),苗期、蕾期、初花期、盛花期、终花期、成熟期的蒸腾需水量分别为18.76mm、21.91mm、21.03mm、149.28mm、71.21mm和34.79mm,蒸腾模系数为5.89%、7.21%、6.85%、47.07%、23.93%和9.05%；盛花期最大,出苗期最小。池栽芝麻全生育期需水量531.36mm,其中株间蒸发量、蒸腾量分别占全生育期需水量的46.1%和53.9%；株间蒸发量最大的时期为苗期；蒸腾量最大的时期为花期。芝麻苗期、花期和成熟期需水模系数平均为18.65%、66.79%和14.56%。合肥基地出苗期、临泉基地花期遇旱喷灌,水分生产效率高达0.61kg/m³和0.65kg/m³；新疆精河基地按需滴灌处理比传统滴灌方式的水分生产效率提高43.28%,节水19.61%,这对水资源匮乏的新疆干旱区来说意义重大。芝麻需水量与栽培条件、品种、气温(r＝0.99)等密切相关。在芝麻不同生育阶段遇旱灌溉是提高水分生产效率和产量的关键措施之一。     

基于GM(1,1)的天然次生林空间结构预测

【目的】系统地分析已有天然次生林林分空间结构数据,通过灰色模型预测天然次生林林分空间结构各指标未来的发展趋势,对天然林经营具有十分重要的意义。【方法】以湖南大围山自然保护区典型次生林为研究对象,依据结构化森林经营理论,选取了混交度、竞争指数、角尺度、空间密度指数、开阔比数、大小比数、林分综合均质性指数作为天然次生林林分空间结构合理性评价与预测的量化指标,构建了基于GM(1,1)的天然次生林林分空间结构灰色预测模型。模型将2008年林分空间结构各指标的平均值作为初始值,并在研究区设置了面积为20 m×20 m的5个研究样地(M1,M2,M3,M4,M5),利用保护区2008-2018年典型样地林分空间信息,预测了研究区调研样地2019年-2021年林分空间结构各指标未来的变化趋势。【结果】利用精度检验机制对该模型的精确度进行了有效性检验,检验结果表明,所有指标预测合格概率P合=71.43%,良好的概率P良好=22.86%,优的概率P优=5.71%,表明该预测模型符合精度检验要求。【结论】样地未来3 a各指标整体变化尺度不大,林分空间结构基本稳定。从各指标在2008-2018年时空上的变化规律来看,各样地林分平均竞争指数、平均大小比数及平均空间密度指数是影响林分均质性指数的关键指标。     

内黄林场优势树种龄级结构优化调整及评价

龄级结构是反映林分结构是否合理的主要方面,而建立森林收获调整模型是对龄级结构优化调整的重要途径。以河南省内黄林场优势树种杨树和刺槐为研究对象,基于林场2018年森林资源二类调查数据,利用线性规划和目标规划方法对林场优势树种龄级结构进行优化调整,并采用欧氏距离和平衡率对调整结构进行评价。结果表明:在调整期末各龄级面积分布均衡,2个树种龄级结构的平衡率均达到0.96,欧式距离缩小至85%以上,其中刺槐缩小达100%,接近法正状态;优势树种杨树和刺槐调整期内出材量分别达68 059.3m^3和15 358.4m^3,期末蓄积量分别占初期的127.6%和46.5%;优势树种杨树和刺槐碳储量期末分别达到26 797.4t和4 415.4t,分别占初期的111.3%和85%。     

30a杉木萌生林和实生林木材的材性比较

以采自湖南省金洞林场同一立地条件、不同海拔高度山地上营造的杉木萌生林和实生林30 a时的木材为研究对象,按照国家标准测定其气干密度、基本密度、顺纹抗拉强度、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、横纹全部抗压强度(径向、弦向)、横纹局部抗压强度(径向、弦向)等10个指标,并运用Excel、Spss等软件进行数据统计、方差分析。结果表明:萌生林30 a时10个指标的测量均值分别为0.439 g·cm^-3(范围0.398~0.480 g·cm^-3)、0.353 g·cm^-3(范围0.318~0.389 g·cm^-3)、122.79 MPa(范围112.44~133.40 MPa)、51.10 MPa(范围50.09~54.67 MPa)、77.15 MPa(范围74.14~82.84 MPa)、9.16 GPa(范围8.43~9.99 GPa)、2.40 MPa(范围2.13~2.73 MPa)、2.17 MPa(范围2.00~2.30 MPa)、3.68 MPa(范围3.50~3.93 MPa)、3.54 MPa(范围3.17~3.94 MPa);实生林30 a时10个性状的测量均值分别为0.404 g·cm^-3(范围0.380~0.422 g·cm^-3)、0.320 g·cm^-3(范围0.312~0.336 g·cm^-3)、102.21 MPa(范围91.89~118.52 MPa)、46.19 MPa(范围41.52~50.72 MPa)、67.35 MPa(范围61.40~73.62 MPa)、8.05 GPa(范围7.641~8.400 GPa)、2.00 MPa(范围1.70~2.40 MPa)、1.83 MPa(范围1.53~2.03 MPa)、3.38 MPa(范围2.99~3.63 MPa)、3.33 MPa(范围2.90~3.53 MPa)。萌生林与实生林木材的10个指标均存在显著、极显著或极极显著差异。杉木林分的生长状态和木材密度的地理变异有明显的规律性,即生长特性随垂直高度(海拔)增高而减少,但木材密度和木材抵抗外力作用的能力却随垂直高度(海拔)的增高而加大。     

风沙流频繁吹袭对樟子松幼苗光合水分代谢的影响

为了解风沙流频繁吹袭对樟子松幼苗光合水分代谢的影响,2013年在内蒙古科尔沁沙地研究了0（对照）,6,9,12,15和18 m／s 等6个风速处理风沙流（风沙流强度相应为1．00,28．30,63．28,111．82和172．93 g／cm·min）4次吹袭下3龄樟子松幼苗光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率等指标的变化规律。结果表明,1）频繁的风沙流吹袭,可以改变樟子松幼苗蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间 CO2浓度和水分利用效率的日变化规律,但对光合速率日变化规律影响较小;2）随着风沙流强度的增加,其叶片相对含水量、叶面温度和日均光合速率、日均水分利用效率趋于下降,18 m／s 处理和对照相比分别下降4．6％,1．8％,52．6％和56．3％;日均蒸腾速率、日均气孔导度和胞间 CO2浓度趋于增加,18 m／s 处理和对照相比分别增加31．6％,75．0％和30．9％;3）随着风沙流强度的增加,其日最大光合速率和日最大水分利用效率趋于下降,日最大胞间 CO2浓度趋于增加,15 m／s 以下风沙流吹袭其日最大蒸腾速率降低,15 m／s 以上风沙流吹袭其日最大蒸腾速率显著增加;4）在风沙流吹袭下,樟子松光合能力的降低主要源于叶片含水量和叶片温度的下降以及叶片的机械损伤,而蒸腾速率的增加主要源于气孔导度的大幅度提升。     

不同林龄尾巨桉林地土壤有机碳储量变化差异

为桉树人工林的土壤质量评价提供科学依据,研究了不同林龄(1a、2a、3a、5a、7a)尾巨桉林地0~60cm土壤和枯落物的碳含量及碳储量,测算了不同林龄桉树林地叶面积指数,乔木层、灌木层、草本层和枯落物层生物量。结果表明：土壤有机碳含量随土层深度增加而呈降低趋势,不同林龄0~20 cm土层有机碳含量差异显著,不同林龄相同土层之间土壤有机碳储量差异不显著;枯落物碳储量差异显著,大小顺序为：5 a (4.83 t·hm-2)>7 a (3.89 t·hm-2)>3 a (2.66 t·hm-2)>2 a (2.43 t·hm-2)>1 a (1.56 t·hm-2);0~60 cm土层土壤碳储量与叶面积指数呈负相关关系,与林龄、乔木层生物量、灌木层生物量、草本层生物量、枯落物层生物量之间呈正相关性,但相关性都不显著。     

Transpiration efficiency of Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) in response to drought stress

Drought is a major abiotic stress responsible for severe crop losses worldwide. Development of new crop varieties with increased drought tolerance is one way to increase crop productivity. The aim of this study was to characterise the diversity of nine accessions belonging to Amaranthus tricolor and A. cruentus, in response to drought stress using a dry-down protocol to characterise the transpiration efficiency (TE). Plants were subjected to either a gradual dry down or well-watered conditions. Results showed that TE was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in water-deficient (WD) plants compared to water-sufficient (WS) plants, 2.40 g kg^?1–7.13 g kg^?1 and 2.19 g kg^?1–4.84 g kg^?1, respectively. There was no significant difference in the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) threshold decline between the amaranth genotypes. TE was highly correlated with yield under both WS (r = 0.89, P < 0.001) and WD conditions (r = 0.662, P < 0.001), and negatively correlated with root-to-shoot ratio under both WS (r = ?0.488, P < 0.05) and WD conditions (r = ?0.460, P < 0.05). Significant genotypic differences were seen for growth rate and stress susceptibility index (SSI). The result obtained in this investigation underline the need to identify genotypic variation in water use efficiency in amaranth.

Abbreviations: FTSW: Fraction of transpirable soil water; NTR: normalised transpiration rate; SSI: Stress susceptibility index; TE: transpiration efficiency; WHC: water holding capacity; WD: water-deficient; WS: water-sufficient.     

低效林的近自然经营技术

探讨了低效林的概念与类型,分析了低效林的成因及其改造方法,并针对我国长江上游大面积低效林的现状,试图通过引进近自然经营技术理念,为大面积地改造低效林,实现森林的可持续经营提供指导.     

高温胁迫下AM真菌对牡丹叶片解剖结构和蒸腾特性的影响

作者研究了高温胁迫下丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对盆栽牡丹幼苗叶片解剖结构和蒸腾特性的影响。结果表明,供试AM真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)均能侵染牡丹根系,其侵染率分别为47%和44%。接种AM真菌的比未接种对照(CK)植株的叶片细胞排列紧密,叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海棉组织厚度均表现为接种G.mosseae植株>接种G.versiforme植株>CK。在相同高温下接种AM真菌处理的牡丹叶片蒸腾速率、气孔导度和气孔开度均显著低于CK。AM真菌提高了牡丹植株的抗热性,这对于高温胁迫下保持和提高光合效率是十分重要的。其中接种G.mosseae处理的效果优于G.versiforme