马铃薯块茎花色素苷合成相关R2R3 MYB蛋白基因的克隆和功能分析

植物花色素苷的合成代谢受转录因子的调控,其中R2R3 MYB为最主要的转录调控因子。本研究以彩色四倍体马铃薯为试材,克隆了R2R3 MYB基因家族里调控马铃薯块茎花色素苷合成R2R3 MYB-St AN1的3个同源基因,并利用生物信息学分析、稳定烟草遗传转化、q PCR等方法对这3个同源基因的结构和功能进行分析和鉴定,结果表明,这3个同源基因均含有R2和R3保守结构域,其主要差别在于C端由10个氨基酸序列组成的重复结构(R)数目不同,根据R数目将其分别命名为St AN1-R0、St AN1-R1和St AN1-R3,其蛋白分子量分别为28 047.91、29 458.35和31 527.60 Da,等电点(p I)分别为6.14、6.90和8.39,均为亲水蛋白。通过转化烟草发现,转入St AN1-R0、St AN1-R1和St AN1-R3后,烟草叶片叶色变化明显,其中转St AN1-R1烟草叶色呈深红色,其叶片花色素苷含量最高。进一步利用q PCR分析表明,外源St AN1使烟草叶片花色素苷合成代谢途径的关键基因(Nt CHS、Nt CHI、Nt F3H、Nt F3’H、Nt DFR、Nt ANS、Nt UFGT)上调表达,同时烟草内源Ntb HLH基因的表达显著上升;St AN1-R1可以高效地调控烟草内源Ntb HLH基因和结构基因Nt DFR和Nt ANS的表达。结果表明,St AN1的3个同源蛋白均可以调控花色素苷的合成,而只含一个重复序列R的St AN1调控花色素苷合成的能力最强。     

Relationships between individual movement,trophic position and growth of juvenile pike (Esox lucius)

Variation in movement between individuals can have important ecological effects on populations and ecosystems, yet the factors driving differences in movement and their consequences remain poorly understood. Here, individual variability in the movements of juvenile (age 0 +  and 1 +  year) pike Esox lucius was assessed using passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry in off‐channel nursery areas over a 26‐ month period. Differences in the movement patterns of individuals were tested against their body sizes, ages, growth rates and trophic positions using data collected through a combination of catch‐and‐release sampling and stable isotope analyses. Results revealed that variation in movement between individuals was affected by age, with 1 +  individuals moving more than individuals of age 0 + , but not length. Individuals whose TP was low on their initial capture event moved significantly less than those with a higher initial TP. Individuals that moved more grew faster and achieved a higher final TP. These results suggest that higher activity (i.e., increased movement) increases resource acquisition that enhances growth rates, which could ultimately maximise individual performances.     

柘林湾海洋牧场不同功能区食物网结构

海洋牧场是由多个功能区组成的生态系统工程,不同功能区的生态环境和食物网结构各不相同,通过研究不同功能区食物网结构有助于了解功能区之间生态系统差异。实验通过对南澳柘林湾海洋牧场渔业资源环境调查,利用碳氮稳定同位素技术对海洋牧场不同功能区食物网结构进行比较,并借助SIBER对稳定同位素数据进行分析。结果显示,海洋牧场调查共采获生物种类78种,其中,消费者的δ~(13)C比值介于–19.94‰~–13.62‰,δ~(15)N比值介于8.78‰~15.29‰,营养级范围介于1.73~3.64。不同功能区同位素数据对比表明,人工鱼礁区生物资源相对丰富,食物网结构较为复杂;海藻增殖区中生物生态位分布最广,营养冗余程度较高;贝类增殖区生物生态位较窄,营养级分布较为集中。在不同功能区生态系统稳定性对比中,人工鱼礁区生态系统稳定性最佳,海藻增殖区生态系统稳定性较差。     

Stable isotope analysis to quantify contributions of supplementary feed in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (GIFT strain) aquaculture

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is currently one of the most farmed freshwater fish and contributes significantly to total global aquaculture production. The genetically improved strain of O. niloticus (GIFT) was introduced to Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 1999 to improve food and income security. The high cost and low availability of commercial fish feed hinder the growth of GIFT farming in PNG. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were used to determine the role of supplementary and natural food sources in the diet of GIFT in pond‐based aquaculture. Two treatments were used: treatment 1 was daily feeding, and treatment 2 was weekly feeding, each with three replicates. Isotopic analysis of muscle tissue and all potential food sources showed that pellet feed contributed 7% to the growth of GIFT in daily‐fed ponds and 33% in the weekly‐fed ponds. Highly enriched δ¹⁵N values for chicken manure, compared to depleted values for GIFT and other natural food sources in both treatments, clearly indicate insignificant contributions of this input to production. After 90 days of cultivation, the average final body weight of GIFT receiving daily feed inputs was 134 g (average 19 cm), while for weekly‐fed it was 92 g (17 cm). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was poor (6.4:1) in the daily‐fed GIFT ponds compared to a better, and preferable, FCR (1:1) in the weekly‐fed ponds. The findings of this study show that pelleted feed was not the major contributor to the growth of GIFT. Genetically improved farmed tilapia aquaculture should focus on enhancing natural food availability for fish production.     

华南花岗岩侵蚀区不同植被类型坡面土壤有机碳分布和团聚体稳定性

植物是影响土壤有机碳含量和土壤团聚体稳定性的重要因素。选取华南典型花岗岩侵蚀区荒草地、桉树林、湿地松林和木荷林4种植被类型径流小区的土壤为研究对象,分析测定不同坡位、不同土层深度的土壤有机碳特性和团聚体稳定性等指标,评价不同植被类型对土壤养分的分布特性以及团聚体稳定性差异,明确花岗岩侵蚀退化区较为理想的生态恢复措施,旨在为合理利用土壤、重建坡面植被和改善土壤结构提供科学依据。结果表明:土壤总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量随土层加深逐渐降低,而林地小区土壤碳氮比(C/N)则相反,荒草地碳氮元素的坡面变异系数(CV)显著高于其他3种林地,其中桉树林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低40%,56.18%,68.5%和25.81%;湿地松林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低62.73%,33.71%,46.46%,58.06%;木荷林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低41.82%,38.2%,51.18%,48.39%,表明林地较荒草地更有利于土壤碳氮在坡面的均质化和有机质的积累。荒草地和木荷林地0.25 mm粒径以上的团聚体在上、中坡位的质量分数显著高于其他植被类型,而林下植被生物量较高的木荷林地的平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)显著高于其他植被类型。其中木荷小区水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)较荒草地、桉树和湿地松分别高20.10%,19.58%,23.20%;几何平均直径(GMD)较荒草地、桉树和湿地松分别高20.00%,19.54%,22.23%,表明在花岗岩侵蚀区林地空间结构较好的林草模式有利于土壤有机碳的积累和土壤结构的稳定。     

浑善达克沙地杨树水分利用特征

为探究浑善达克沙地杨树的水分利用特征。本文利用氢和氧同位素示踪技术,测定了降雨、土壤水与地下水的δ18O值,利用多元线性混合模型定量计算了杨树对不同土层土壤水分的利用比例。结果表明:①浑善达克沙地大气降雨方程线为:δDLWML=7.84δ^18OLWML+9.12,斜率比全国降雨方程偏小,体现了研究区降雨少,蒸发大的气候特征;②土壤含水量与地下水位埋深、降雨量、植物生长期的变化有着显著的相关关系。降雨量较大与地下水位埋深较浅的时期,土壤含水量明显增大,在植物生长前期和中期,土壤含水量明显较低;③杨树在雨季,利用了大量的浅层土壤水(0~40 cm),在较为干旱的旱季,利用了大量的深层土壤(160~200 cm)水与少量的地下水。     

Stable isotopes and gut contents indicate differential resource use by coexisting asp (Leuciscus aspius) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)

Differential use of habitat and prey resources is an important mechanism that may allow coexistence of sympatric species. Unlike interactions between smaller cyprinid and percid fishes, the resource use by coexisting predatory asp (Leuciscus aspius) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) is relatively unknown. Here, gut content and stable isotope analyses were used to study ontogenetic dietary shifts and interspecific trophic niche overlap between asp and pikeperch coexisting in two reservoirs. The hypothesis that both species show an ontogenetic dietary shift from small invertebrates to large fish prey, but at the same time use different prey resources to reduce potential competitive interactions, was validated. The isotopic niches of the two predators showed no, or only a moderate, degree of overlap (0%–65%). The ontogenetic changes in the degree of interspecific isotopic niche overlap were different in the two reservoirs, suggesting that trophic segregation can be dynamic and variable among systems. Gut contents revealed that small (<100 mm standard length) asp consumed mostly terrestrial invertebrates and emerged aquatic insects, whereas small pikeperch foraged on zooplankton, larval and pupal stages of aquatic insects and fish. Larger individuals (>100 mm) of both species were predominantly piscivorous, with asp consuming more cyprinid prey and pikeperch more percid prey. Coexisting asp and pikeperch populations are able to utilise different prey resources, thereby reducing potential negative competitive interactions.     

秸秆碳对不同施肥水平低肥力土壤碳组分的影响

为探明不同施肥水平下秸秆碳对低肥力土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）和颗粒有机碳（POC）含量的影响，采用碳化硅管原位法，向不同施肥水平（0、120、240 kg·hm^-2，以纯氮计）的低肥力土壤添加¹³C标记小麦秸秆，定期取土样测定不同有机碳组分的含量及其δ¹³C值，并计算秸秆碳在各有机碳库中的转化及贡献比例。研究结果显示，秸秆添加后7 d是快速转化阶段，此后秸秆碳转化渐缓，以向POC转化为主。相较于DOC，秸秆碳更倾向转化为MBC和POC，秸秆添加60 d后的转化比例分别为0.12%~0.38%、4.01%~6.25%和4.74%~9.54%。秸秆添加后，土壤DOC、MBC和POC含量均显著增加，来自于秸秆碳的贡献分别为0.29%~15.01%、13.20%~32.85%和33.62%~59.69%。相较于0、240 kg·hm^-2的施氮处理，施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2时，秸秆添加能同时大幅提高试验土壤的活性和缓效性有机碳库含量。由此表明，秸秆还田条件下，适量施加氮肥更有利于低肥力土壤的培肥与固碳。     

A proposal for enhanced EU herbage VCU and DUS testing procedures

Herbage production is regarded as having environment-friendly credentials. However, as the ruminant production it supports is facing major challenges on sustainability, environmental footprint and human health concerns, EU herbage cultivar testing must contribute to the solutions. Before new cultivars can be sold in a member state (MS) and gain EU-wide marketing, they must pass official tests to prove they are both novel (distinct, uniform and stable, DUS) with improved value for cultivation and use (VCU). Herbage species present specific challenges, as their allogamy imposes a wide within-cultivar variation that adds complexity to DUS tests and their “value” is only realized in ruminant produce. Current VCU systems measure production, chemical composition and disease/stress tolerances, often on large numbers of candidate cultivars, but prohibitive labour costs and logistics mean that animal intake, ruminant output or environmental benefits cannot be measured directly. Furthermore, some candidate cultivars with proven superior VCU fail DUS even though the non-distinct comparison is with a significantly lower performing registered cultivar. To resolve these problem cases, a “vmDUS” distinctness tool is proposed, which uses molecular markers but conforms to UPOV-declared principles. A short overview of current grassland research shows smart proxy measures of animal value can easily and quickly be adopted into an integrated pan-European (EU-VCU) test network. The proposed EU-VCU scheme will reallocate test resources to conduct these additional tests by placing MS in data sharing collaborations, while retaining their national listing authority. The benefits to all stakeholders from adopting these new testing procedures are considered.     

Nutritional Contribution of Biofloc within the Diet of Growout and Broodstock of Litopenaeus vannamei,Determined by Stable Isotopes and Fatty Acids

The relative contributions of feed sources were determined through the isotopic signal (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and fatty acid profile of feed items, shrimp muscle, and eggs of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in a biofloc system. In the growout phase, the isotope analysis showed the biofloc particle size class ≥250 μm contributed 55–100%; size ≥50 < 250 μm contributed 0–22%; and artificial feed contributed 0–45%. Principal component analysis applied to fatty acid profiles showed that biofloc ≥250 μm and artificial feed were the most important items in shrimp growout. For the egg production, isotope analysis suggested that the most important feed sources according to their relative contributions were polychaetes (0–100%), followed by artemia biomass (0–86%) and semi‐moist feed (0–66%), with lower contributions from squid, mussel, and the muscle of L. vannamei broodstock that had been cultured in biofloc. In terms of fatty acids, the most important items were artemia, polychaetes, and semi‐moist feeds. This work clarified the importance of feed sources for shrimp during culture in biofloc systems and during reproduction. Analysis of stable isotopes and fatty acids can be successfully used to trace the assimilation of nutrients during the nutrition of shrimp.