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1.
秸秆类生物质具有碱金属及灰分含量高的特性,燃烧时灰分容易团聚结块而影响燃烧室内的配风及燃料的燃烧。本文设计了一种具有多层二次风配风的生物质燃烧试验装置,以玉米秸秆颗粒为燃料,研究了不同一二次风分级配比、多层二次风配比对烟气中CO、NOx等污染物浓度、燃烧效率及灰分结渣率的影响规律。结果表明:当采用一二次风分级配风时,能够显著降低烟气中NOx的浓度,烟气中CO和NOx的浓度变化趋势相反,呈现一种竞争关系。二次风位置较高或下层二次风量的减少,都易导致玉米秸秆颗粒燃烧不完全,CO浓度显著提升。与对照组相比,二次风多层配风下,燃烧室内各测点的温度和烟气中NOx浓度均有所降低,最低NOx浓度排放放生在W1工况(空气系数为1.2,一、二次风配比为60%:40%时,下、中、上二次风按(1/2,0,1/2)),约150 mg/m3。当采用二次风多层配风时,结渣率大幅度下降,最低为4.5%。W1工况的NOx浓度和结渣率均较低,综合评价为最优工况。常用的硅比指数G、碱酸比、Na含量指数、碱性指数Alc等4种结渣指数,均不能正确预测因燃料燃烧区温度T1变化而造成的结渣倾向变化,为此在硅比指数G中引入燃料燃烧区温度T1作为变量,修正后的硅比指数Gt可以很好地对玉米秸秆颗粒因燃料燃烧区温度T1引起的结渣倾向变化进行预测。  相似文献   
2.
为探明澳洲坚果与咖啡间作对地上部生长及地下部互作效应,为生产推广复合高效栽培模式提供理论依据,布置了咖啡和澳洲坚果间作盆栽实验,以二者分别单作为对照,分析植株的生长量、生物量、养分含量、根系形态以及土壤养分的差异。结果表明:(1)间作咖啡和间作澳洲坚果根干重、茎干重、单株总干重分别为40.86、50.38、148.34 g,22.38、33.19、111.97 g,间作咖啡显著大于间作澳洲坚果,叶干重二者差异不显著;幼龄期间作条件下,咖啡生长速率快于澳洲坚果。间作咖啡、间作澳洲坚果与各自单作根、茎、叶、单株干物质累积量差异均不显著。(2)间作澳洲坚果叶氮累积量2135.27 mg显著大于间作咖啡的1957.60 mg,除此之外,间作咖啡根氮、磷、钾,茎氮、磷、钾,叶磷、钾,单株总氮、磷、钾累积量均显著大于间作澳洲坚果,表明幼龄期间作条件下,咖啡养分累积量占优势;间作澳洲坚果根氮、钾累积量742.80、103.22 mg显著大于单作的535.00、37.77 mg,可见,间作根系竞争促进澳洲坚果增加根部氮的分配,提高根钾的吸收累积。(3)间作咖啡和间作澳洲坚果根长、根表面积、根体积在本株侧面根系生态位分布量占总取样量的62.63%~65.67%,其次是在株间根系生态位分布量占总取样量的16.01%~27.53%,在对应本株近侧和对应本株远侧面2个根系生态位分布较少,可见间作后二者根系主要分布于自身根系生态位,在株间位置根系交叉重叠,未在土壤深度和广度空间形成差异分布,属于间作竞争型根系统。咖啡与澳洲坚果均属于浅根系,侧根直径小,成龄澳洲坚果是高大乔木,随着时间的推移,与咖啡间作将处于地上、地下部竞争优势。  相似文献   
3.
为遥感监测全球橡胶主产区橡胶的长势,选取橡胶产量最大的泰国、马来西亚、印度尼西亚三国,开展基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)的橡胶林分布遥感提取研究。通过目视解译选择典型样本区,根据Landsat 7多波段光谱特征、MODIS NDVI反映的植被物候特征建立分类回归树CART分类模型提取橡胶林分布。精度评价显示模型总体分类精度为95.8%,Kappa系数为0.94,生产者精度达到94.8%,用户精度为88.2%,达到较高水平。模型提取结果显示:橡胶林在泰国中部、南部半岛,马来半岛的东部和南部地区,苏门答腊岛分布较为集中,而泰国北部、加里曼丹岛及其他岛屿橡胶林相对稀疏。  相似文献   
4.
Bottom trawl fishing is a controversial activity. It yields about a quarter of the world's wild seafood, but also has impacts on the marine environment. Recent advances have quantified and improved understanding of large‐scale impacts of trawling on the seabed. However, such information needs to be coupled with distributions of benthic invertebrates (benthos) to assess whether these populations are being sustained under current trawling regimes. This study collated data from 13 diverse regions of the globe spanning four continents. Within each region, we combined trawl intensity distributions and predicted abundance distributions of benthos groups with impact and recovery parameters for taxonomic classes in a risk assessment model to estimate benthos status. The exposure of 220 predicted benthos‐group distributions to trawling intensity (as swept area ratio) ranged between 0% and 210% (mean = 37%) of abundance. However, benthos status, an indicator of the depleted abundance under chronic trawling pressure as a proportion of untrawled state, ranged between 0.86 and 1 (mean = 0.99), with 78% of benthos groups > 0.95. Mean benthos status was lowest in regions of Europe and Africa, and for taxonomic classes Bivalvia and Gastropoda. Our results demonstrate that while spatial overlap studies can help infer general patterns of potential risk, actual risks cannot be evaluated without using an assessment model that incorporates trawl impact and recovery metrics. These quantitative outputs are essential for sustainability assessments, and together with reference points and thresholds, can help managers ensure use of the marine environment is sustainable under the ecosystem approach to management.  相似文献   
5.
Reservoirs are mostly managed at local scales as spatially independent units. A basin‐scale perspective may increase awareness at a broader scope and generate insight not evident at local scales. We examined the array of reservoir attributes and fisheries in the Mississippi Basin to identify management opportunities. The basin is the third largest in the world and includes over 1,700 reservoirs >100 ha, the most of any river basin. Our bird's‐eye view shows a piecemeal approach where reservoirs are mostly administered at the local level. Basin‐wide or catchment coordination to holistically address problems that recur across the basin is mostly lacking. A basin‐wide coordination arrangement could facilitate various facets of reservoir management. We reviewed governance arrangements in major river basins across the globe and concluded that the basin‐wide administrative layer we encourage for the Mississippi Basin may already exist in some basins but may not be directly applicable everywhere.  相似文献   
6.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a key ecological factor to measure the quality of water in the aquaculture. As the pond water body is affected by the breeding environment, the spatial distribution of DO shows a certain law in the entire pond. Therefore, to simulate the distribution of DO in aquaculture waters and grasp the temporal and spatial variation of DO is the key to achieving precise regulation of DO. For this purpose, this paper proposed a method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution of DO in pond culture based on a sliding window-temporal convolutional network together with trend surface analysis (SW-TCN-TSA). This paper first utilized SW to construct DO data sets with different prediction durations, and then used the improved TCN model to realize one-dimensional time series prediction for DO at single monitoring point. Based on the prediction results of DO, a TSA method was performed on the predicted values of DO at the extreme moments of all discrete monitoring points, so as to realize the simulation of the temporal and spatial distribution of DO in the pond. Experimental results show that the SW-TCN model has better prediction performance for one-dimensional time series prediction of DO. Compared with traditional deep networks, such as CNN, GRU, LSTM, CNN-GRU and CNN-LSTM, the values of evaluation indicators (MSE, MAE and RMSE) have been greatly improved. In the process of trend surface fitting, all fitting R2 of DO at different water depths are higher than 0.9, indicating that the TSA can accurately reflect the temporal and spatial distribution of DO. This method can provide a basis for the prediction and early warning of DO in the three-dimensional space of the pond and has high practicability in aquaculture.  相似文献   
7.
Malaysian fisheries employ multiple measures to improve management; however, not all are well-suited to the multispecies fisheries. As part of a pilot project, an individual quota system was introduced for the purse-seine fishery off the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (ECPM), but no assessment of this particular measure nor the feasibly of its implementation has been confirmed. Therefore, this study analysed spatial and temporal patterns of purse-seine fishing, by collecting catch composition data per landing and its fishing ground within three period fishery surveys between August 2017 and September 2018 at six different landing sites. Similarity and cluster analysis examined species composition and diversity to determine the feasibility of implementing a single-species quota system in this multispecies fishery. Some overlapped of indices results and minor difference in catch composition were found due to changes in spatial and temporal fishing activities. However, no specific spatial or temporal patterns were discernible as structuring the fishing grounds used by purse-seiners. The absence of patterns, using the available data, might be attributable to huge species aggregations and widely distributed and homogenously mixed fish stocks. Thus, it is likely impractical to manage species individually in such a multispecies fishery.  相似文献   
8.
李鹏程  张崇良  任一平  徐宾铎  薛莹 《水产学报》2021,45(11):1843-1853
BP神经网络模型作为一种常用的机器学习方法,被广泛应用于物种分布模型,以解析生物分布与环境因子的关系。与传统回归模型相比,该模型可以灵活处理变量间的非线性关系,但其结构复杂,在参数设置方面存在不确定性,从而影响模型的预测与应用。根据2016—2017年山东近海口虾蛄渔业资源调查与环境数据,利用BP神经网络模型构建口虾蛄资源分布模型,同时利用数据分组处理算法(group method of data handling, GMDH)、遗传算法(genetic algorithm, GA)和自适应算法(adaptive algorithm)分别对模型输入变量、初始权值和隐节点数目3方面进行优化,构建7种不同组合优化模型。结果显示,7种模型的优化效果存在明显差异,单方面和两方面组合优化模型预测性能基本保持一致;而三方面共同优化其均方根误差与残差平方和分别为0.35和1.94,较初始模型的0.52和2.40更小,且相关系数最大为0.45,表明模型优化效果最好。对比优化前后发现,口虾蛄资源密度随纬度和底层盐度变化趋势基本保持一致,而随底层温度的升高,口虾蛄资源密度存在较大差异。此外,最优模型较初始模型增加水深为关键环境因子,对口虾蛄的资源密度具有重要影响。本研究进一步开发了BP神经网络模型参数优化的方法,证明了参数优化对BP模型的预测性能具有重要影响,模型优化对于分析口虾蛄资源密度与环境因子的关系具有重要意义。  相似文献   
9.
根据2010—2017年莱州湾"伏休"结束前底拖网调查资料,通过轮廓系数法对莱州湾三疣梭子蟹资源的时空分布特征进行了研究,并结合放流回捕资料对莱州湾三疣梭子蟹资源状况提出了建议。结果显示,在空间分布上,三疣梭子蟹南部资源明显优于北部;依据Rousseeuw质量指数分为3组,分别为近岸组、远岸组和深海组,分组评估合理,平均轮廓系数为0.34,组内相似度较高,聚类效果较好;从时间变化上,三疣梭子蟹资源具有明显的年际波动性,依据Rousseeuw质量指数分为3组,分别为较好组、一般组和较差组,分组评估合理,平均轮廓系数为0.15,组内相似度较低,聚类效果较差。另外,空间分组的Pearson相关性分析结果表明,三疣梭子蟹资源状况与"伏休"结束前近岸组资源密切相关;时间分组的SIMPER分析结果同样显示,三疣梭子蟹资源状况主要取决于"伏休"结束前的近岸资源。因此,"伏休"结束前三疣梭子蟹近岸资源的管理与保护对于三疣梭子蟹资源的影响至关重要,建议在实施三疣梭子蟹增殖放流时,不仅要保持增殖的规模,还应重点关注前期资源的保护与管理,从而有效增加近岸资源,进一步实现三疣梭子蟹增殖放流修复的意义。  相似文献   
10.
面向养殖水体,传统光谱法对化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)检测模型构建的基础:源域(现有样本库)与目标域(检测地水体)间光谱数据独立同分布。但是当源域与目标域分布间存在差异时,由源域得到的低误差模型常在目标域上表现下滑。针对该问题,提出面向UV Vis光谱的域对抗训练网络(DAUVwpNet),将分布不同的源域和目标域数据映射至相同分布的特征空间中,使其在该空间的分布距离尽可能接近,从而在特征空间中对源域训练的目标函数也可以迁移至目标域上,以降低模型在目标域的误差。试验表明:面向同一批测试数据,DAUVwpNet的预测误差为0.78,要低于传统模型的预测误差(0.85);DAUVwpNet预测值与实测值间相关系数为0.95,要高于传统模型的相关系数(0.89)。表明了该网络能够较好对齐两域特征空间数据分布,降低因分布差异带来的COD检测误差。  相似文献   
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