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1.
Ground beetles are natural predators of insect pests and small seeds in agroecosystems. In semiarid cropping systems of the Northern Great Plains, there is a lack of knowledge to how ground beetles are affected by diversified cover crop rotations. In a 2-yr study (2018 and 2019), our experiment was a restricted-randomization strip-plot design, comprising summer fallow, an early-season cover crop mixture (five species), and a mid-season cover crop mixture (seven species), with three cover crop termination methods (i.e., herbicide, grazing, and haying). Using pitfall traps, we sampled ground beetles in five 48-h intervals throughout the growing season (n = 135 per year) using growing degree day (GDD) accumulations to better understand changes to ground beetle communities. Data analysis included the use of linear mixed-effects models, perMANOVA, and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations. We did not observe differences among cover crop termination methods; however, activity density in the early-season cover crop mixture decreased and in summer fallow increased throughout the growing season, whereas the mid-season cover crop mixture peaked in the middle of the summer. Ground beetle richness and evenness showed a nonlinear tendency, peaking in the middle of the growing season, with marginal differences between cover crops or fallow after the termination events. Also, differences in ground beetle composition were greatest in the early- and mid-season cover crop mixtures earlier in the growing season. Our study supports the use of cover crop mixtures to enhance ground beetle communities, with potential implications for pest management in dryland cropping systems.  相似文献   
2.
在黄淮海夏玉米生产区,不同控释氮肥和尿素的配比下,研究不同氮效率玉米品种的产量及其花前花后干物质和氮素累积分配规律,以及相应的氮素利用效率与经济效益,为该区域夏玉米氮肥高效施用提供理论与技术依据。试验采用裂区设计,周期为两年,以施氮处理为主区,设置0、180、300 kg·hm-2 3个施氮水平,并在180 kg·hm-2水平上设置全尿素处理(U)、控释尿素处理(C),控释尿素与尿素按1∶2(C1)与2∶1(C2)配施,共6个施肥处理,分别为N0、N180U、N180C、N180C1、N180C2、N300U;品种为副区,分别为氮低效品种豫禾988(YH988)和氮高效品种郑单958(ZD958)。结果表明,在黄淮海砂质潮土条件下,氮低效品种YH988和氮高效品种ZD958均在180 kg·hm-2施氮水平下实现了最高的产量水平,其中YH988和ZD958最佳的氮肥比例分别为控释氮∶尿素氮=1∶2和2∶1,即N180C1和N180C2。YH988和ZD958分别在N180C1和N180C2处理下花后干物质和氮素累积比例较高。同时,YH988和ZD958在N180C1和N180C2处理下分别实现了氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥当季利用率和经济效益的最高。综上,在黄淮海潮土区夏玉米生产体系中,不同氮效率品种YH988和ZD958分别在180 kg·hm-2施氮量,控施氮∶尿素氮=1∶2和2∶1的条件下,实现了高产及较高的花后干物质和氮素累积,促进了其产量和氮素利用效率的协同提高。  相似文献   
3.
What occurs when virus infection is spreading within a mixed plant species population? This question is important not only for economically significant, mixed species managed systems but also for environmentally significant mixed wild species populations. It received attention in recently published ecological studies on wild plant species, but these, and recent general pasture research publications, rarely mention earlier virus studies involving mixed species managed pasture. This review seeks to rectify that situation. It describes 10 diverse examples of past research on mixed species managed pasture done over two decades on three continents that demonstrated plant species balance changes arising from virus infection. These examples showed that plants belonging to susceptible pasture cultivars sensitive to systemic virus infection are sufficiently weakened that their ability to withstand competition from nonhost plants of other pasture species, or weed species, was diminished sufficiently to alter the plant species balance. Also, a similar alteration occurred when they were competing with virus-resistant or virus-tolerant host plants of the same or other pasture species, or a virus-resistant weed species. Such competition also diminished seed production, which decreased their ability to regenerate. Notably, as reported subsequently with wild plant species populations, when two different pasture species infected by the same virus compete with each other, growth of the more sensitive species is suppressed. Because managed mixed species pastures constitute an important component of regenerative agriculture, retaining an optimal balance of pasture species and delaying pasture decline from weed invasion both require effective management of virus diseases.  相似文献   
4.
目的 研究附子-甘草合煎液和混合液对离体蛙心的影响及其物质基础。方法 通过离体蛙心实验观察附子-甘草合煎液和混合液对离体正常蛙心和心衰蛙心功能的影响,应用高效液相色谱法建立并测定附子-甘草煎液的HPLC指纹图谱。结果 附子-甘草合煎液与混合液的强心作用有差别;附子与甘草配伍后其指标成分的含量发生了明显变化,且合煎液与混合液的成分变化差别显著。结论 附子-甘草合煎液和混合液对离体蛙心的作用及其指纹图谱均不一致。  相似文献   
5.
农药自动混药装置的研究现状与展望   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目前,我国农作物病虫害防治主要依靠施用农药,现有的大多数农药剂型需要加水稀释,配制成一定浓度后再施用。近年,我国农业航空迅速发展,对农业航空的智能化农业机械装备的需求变得非常迫切。系统总结了农药自动混药装置类型以及农药自动混药装置特点,通过对农药自动混药装置研究发展概况分析,阐明了国内农药自动混药装置所存在的问题,展望未来农药混药装置的发展趋势,为后续的研究方向奠定基础。  相似文献   
6.
Composts are considered to be one of the best soil amendments. However, the effects of composts with added polymeric materials on soil physical,hydraulic, and micromorphological properties have not been widely discussed. Changes in soil physical properties influence the numerous services that soils provide. We studied the impacts of composts with the addition of three different polymers(F1–F3) produced from polyethylene and thermoplastic corn starch on the physical, hydraulic, and micromorphological properties of two soils, a Cambic Phaeozem and a Luvic Phaeozem. Applying composts with polymers had limited or no significant effect on soil bulk density and porosity, but increased the field water capacity by 18%–82% and 3%–6% and the plant-available water content by 15%–23% and 4%–17% for the Cambic Phaeozem and Luvic Phaeozem, respectively. The application of composts with polymers had a greater effect on the Cambic Phaeozem than on the Luvic Phaeozem. It was suggested that the use of modified composts led to changes in soil physical properties and micromorphological features and this effect was dependent on the compost application rate. Composts made with the addition of composite synthetic and natural material-derived polymers during composting were found to be a composite mixture that can be successfully used in agriculture.  相似文献   
7.
融合光谱混合分解与面向对象的土地利用/覆被分类   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
错综复杂的土地利用模式和破碎的地物斑块制约了土地利用/覆被分类的精度和效率。一方面,混合像元模糊了地物的光谱信息,影响了分类精度。另一方面,如何高效利用地物的光谱、形状和纹理特征是当前土地利用/覆被分类的研究热点。为了提高基于遥感技术的土地利用/覆被分类精度,该研究基于Sentinel-2A遥感影像,开展融合光谱混合分解与面向对象的土地利用/覆被分类研究。首先,基于地物的光谱、形状和纹理特征,在3个分割尺度通过NDWI(Normalized Difference Water Index)、NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)、SBL(Soil Background Level)等8个特征参数构建了不同地物信息的提取规则。其次,利用光谱混合分解模型提取研究区基质(SL;岩石和土壤)、植被(GV;光合作用叶片)和暗色物质(DA;阴影和水)3类通用端元。最后,尝试融合3端元光谱特征优化地物信息提取规则。研究结果表明:1)基于构建的光谱、形状和纹理的地物信息提取规则,使用模糊函数、阈值法进行土地利用/覆被分类,获得了较高的分类精度,总体精度为80.83%,Kappa系数为0.76。2)融合3端元的光谱特征的提取规则将分类精度提升至90.00%,Kappa系数提升至0.88。3)具有明确物理意义的3端元的融入增强了像元内各组分信息的差异性,弥补了传统光谱指数对植被与土壤间的亮度信息解析度不足的缺陷。该方法能充分利用影像的光谱信息,是一种由易到难、对不确定因素进行逐层剥离的土地利用/覆被信息提取技术。因此,对中高分辨率的多光谱遥感影像十分友好,在土地利用/覆被的精细化分类中有较大应用潜力。  相似文献   
8.
T K Das  D K Das 《Weed Research》2018,58(3):188-199
Variable dormancies result in periodicity in the germination of weeds and make weed control a repetitive practice. Under some conditions, repeated applications of selective herbicides can lead to the dominance of perennial weeds like Cyperus rotundus . Our hypothesis was that applying a chemical dormancy breaker (DB ) plus herbicide mixture would better control a mixture of weed species. Three experiments were designed to develop a cost‐effective DB treatment and to evaluate its dose with herbicides tank‐mixtures for effective weed management. KNO 3 and gibberellic acid GA 3 as dormancy breakers offered comparable effects, but KNO 3 was more economical than GA 3. KNO 3 at a 6% concentration was more effective in promoting weed germination than a 3% concentration in soyabean. A combination of KNO 3 (6%) and pre‐emergence pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha?1 + imazethapyr 0.10 kg a.i. ha?1 controlled annual weeds by 99% and reduced C. rotundus growth by 83%. This treatment gave significantly higher soyabean yield and net returns. Similarly, a tank‐mixture comprising of clodinafop 0.06 kg a.i. ha?1 + metsulfuron 0.006 kga.i. ha?1 was more effective against weeds than pre‐emergence tank‐mix application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha?1 + carfentrazone‐ethyl 0.02 kg a.i. ha?1 and isoproturon 0.75 kg a.i. ha?1. The use of pre‐emergence tank‐mixture of pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha?1 + imazethapyr 0.10 kg a.i. ha?1 should exhaust seed/tuber bank if repeated and reduce the application cost of herbicides by 50% and the dose, residue and cost of pendimethalin by 25%.  相似文献   
9.
Pintoi peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg.) is a warm‐season perennial legume with potential for use in grass–legume mixtures in Florida; however, limited information exists about its establishment in mixtures with bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge). The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the establishment of bahiagrass cv. “Argentine” and pintoi peanut cv. “Amarillo” as monocultures or mixture. The experiment was conducted in Ona, FL, from June to October of 2014 and 2015. Treatments were a split‐plot design of seeding strategies (bahiagrass monoculture, pintoi peanut monoculture or bahiagrass‐pintoi peanut mixtures; main plots) and two N fertilization strategies (30 or 80 kg/ha N; 30N and 80N; subplots), with four replicates. Measurements of plant density and frequency were taken every 4 weeks after seeding. Ground cover and herbage mass (HM) measurements were taken 112 days after seeding. Pintoi peanut ground cover was affected by seeding strategy × N level interaction. Ground cover was greater with 80N than 30N when pintoi was seeded in monoculture (3.6% vs 1.5% respectively) but not when it was seeded with bahiagrass (2.1%). There was no effect of seeding or N strategy on pintoi peanut proportion in HM (1.4%). Bahiagrass ground cover was not affected by seeding or N strategy (15.9%); however, its proportion in the HM was greater in 80N than 30N (12.1% vs 9.4% respectively). Mixed seeding did not negatively affect the establishment of bahiagrass and pintoi peanut and greater N fertilization levels improved some establishment parameters, with no negative effect for pintoi peanut.  相似文献   
10.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ensiling different ratios of whole crop oat to lucerne on fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of silage on the Tibetan plateau. Four experimental treatments were produced varying in the ratio of forages on a fresh matter (FM) basis: 1) 100% oat (control, dry matter (DM) content: 317 g/kg), 2) 90% oat + 10% lucerne (OL10, DM content: 316 g/kg), 3) 80% oat+ 20% lucerne (OL20, DM content: 317 g/kg) and 4) 70% oat+ 30% lucerne (OL30, DM content: 318 g/kg). All treatments were packed into laboratory‐scale silos and ensiled for 60 days and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 15 days. Further, the four experimental treatments were incubated in vitro with buffered rumen fluid to study the nutrient digestibility. All silages were well preserved with low pH and NH3‐N contents, and high lactic acid contents and V‐scores (evaluation of silage quality). Increasing the lucerne proportion increased (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) content of silage, whereas neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibre contents were not affected. Under aerobic conditions, the control silage showed higher (p < 0.05) yeast counts (>10cfu/g FM) followed by OL10 silage, and OL10 silage improved aerobic stability for 74 h. OL20 and OL30 silages showed fewer (p < 0.05) yeasts (<105 cfu/g FM) and markedly (p < 0.05) improved the aerobic stability (>360 h). After 48‐h incubation, OL30 silage increased (p < 0.05) in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (IVNDFD) compared with the control silage. These results suggest that replacing oat with lucerne had no unfavourable effects on fermentation quality of silage, but improved CP content, aerobic stability IVDMD and IVNDFD. OL30 silage was the best among the three mixed silages.  相似文献   
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