基于粗糙遗传算法在打捆机齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用*

自走式连续作业打捆机是一款实现不停机连续打捆作业的新型秸秆收集装备,其关键功能部件齿轮箱发生故障会严重影响正常打捆工作。针对齿轮箱故障的防控和监测,提出一种结合粗糙集和遗传算法的故障诊断方法。该方法使用时域频域分析得到的多项故障特征参数作为条件属性,故障类型作为决策属性,并利用自适应遗传算法得到决策规则表,实现无需先验信息的属性约简和故障诊断。在齿轮箱故障诊断试验中,分别对不同故障类型进行信号采集和诊断分析,结果显示:该方法在无先验信息的条件下将12项故障特征参量约简为3项,根据决策规则表进行故障诊断的准确率为100%,结果表明该方法能准确判断故障的发生和故障类型,对实现故障监测和防控具有重要意义。     

极小种群植物“川柿”生物学特性及种子萌发方法研究

摘 要：【目的】为了保护和发展极小种群植物川柿，开展此研究。【方法】采用观测法，连续3年对其生物学特性研究；种子萌发方法：（1）后熟0、30、45、60天，剥离清洗播种；（2）后熟60天，以GA300、600、1000 mg/L溶液浸种1h；播种基质为河沙（保持一定湿度），放置室内，统计萌发时间和出苗率。【结果】（1）川柿花期4-5月，10月为果熟期，单果直径32.7±5.80mm，单果重23.0±5.30g；种子肾形、千粒重1070g；成年植株呈隔年开花、结果现象；（2）种子经“后熟+河沙播种”，可萌发，其中以后熟60天的出苗率较高，为65%；直接播种种子，出苗率5%；“后熟+GA溶液浸种+河沙播种”，出苗率均高于65%，其中以GA600mg/L浸泡1h处理，出苗率最高为83.3%。【结论】极小种群植物川柿为常绿叶乔木，有隔年开花、结果现象； “果后熟60天+GA600mg/L浸泡种子1h +室内河沙播种”可提高种子萌发率，为川柿种子繁殖提供参考。     

低盐胁迫下松江鲈HSPB1、HSPB7和HSPB11基因的表达变化规律

为了探究小分子热休克蛋白基因HSPB1、HSPB7和HSPB11在松江鲈(Trachidermus fasciatus)应对低盐胁迫过程中的调节作用,本研究基于前期转录组数据,获取3个目标基因的序列信息并进行了系统进化分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了3个基因在两种低盐胁迫处理下不同时间点(0 h、12 h、24 h和48 h)在鳃、肠、肾和肝组织中的表达水平。系统进化分析结果表明, HSPB1、HSPB7和HSPB11基因分别聚类形成独立分支;在各基因分支中,松江鲈与已报道的鲈形目、鲤形目和鳉形目等鱼种共同聚为硬骨鱼类分支。在两种低盐胁迫处理下, 3个基因在鳃组织中的表达量均在12h显著升高,而在肠、肾和肝组织中的表达量则呈现不同的变化趋势。肠组织中,HSPB7和HSPB11在盐度渐变低盐胁迫(盐度变化速率1.1/h)下表达量均显著升高, HSPB1表达量在48 h显著降低;盐度骤变低盐胁迫(盐度变化速率27/h)下HSPB1和HSPB7表达量在24 h显著升高, HSPB11表达量显著降低。肾组织中,HSPB1、HSPB7和HSPB11表达量均仅在盐度渐变低盐胁迫24h显著升高;盐度骤变低盐胁迫下HSPB1表达量显著降低, HSPB7和HSPB11表达量则显著升高。肝组织中, HSPB7无表达; HSPB1表达量在盐度渐变低盐胁迫下无显著变化,但在盐度骤变低盐胁迫下则显著升高;HSPB11表达量在两种处理下均显著升高。本研究比较分析了HSPB1、HSPB7和HSPB11基因在松江鲈应对不同低盐胁迫时表达变化规律的异同,相关结果为探讨小分子热休克蛋白在鱼类应激调节过程中的作用及洄游性鱼类适应盐度变化的分子调控机制提供了理论依据。     

PBL模式《小动物透明标本制作与技术改良》建设与教学探索

《小动物透明标本制作与技术改良》课程引入国际流行的PBL(Problem based learning)教学模式,通过教师引导,学生自主学习、讨论制定实验方案,主动动手操作,并总结汇报实验成果的教学流程,探讨小动物透明标本的制作方法及技术改良手段,以及创新性实验课程的开设模式。教学实践表明:基于PBL的实验教学模式不仅使学生自主操作改良了小动物透明标本的制作方案,更大大的提高了学生的学习积极性,进而科普并巩固了动物解剖学的专业基础知识。     

基于原型网络的小样本禽蛋图像特征检测方法

机器视觉因具有检测速度快、稳定性高及成本低等优点，已发展成为禽蛋无损检测领域主流检测手段。使用该技术对禽蛋进行无损检测时，需要依赖大量禽蛋图像作为数据支撑才能取得较好的检测效果。由于养殖安全等限制，禽蛋图像数据的采集成本较高，针对该问题，提出了一种适应于小样本禽蛋图像检测的原型网络（Prototypical network）。该网络利用引入注意力机制的逆残差结构搭建的卷积神经网络将不同类别的禽蛋图像映射至嵌入空间，并利用欧氏距离度量测试禽蛋图像在嵌入空间的类别，从而完成禽蛋图像的分类。本文利用该网络分别验证了小样本条件下受精蛋与无精蛋、双黄蛋与单黄蛋及裂纹蛋与正常蛋的分类检测效果，其检测精度分别为95%、98%、88%。试验结果表明本文方法能够有效地解决禽蛋图像检测中样本不足的问题，为禽蛋图像无损检测研究提供了新的思路。     

农地确权对小农户信贷可得性的影响——基于双稳健估计方法的平均处理效应分析

基于我国9省小农户调查数据,运用双稳健的平均处理效应模型,研究了农地确权对小农户信贷可得性的影响及其作用机理。结果表明:农地确权可以提升小农户信贷可得性。进一步研究发现,需求方面的影响路径是:确权提高了小农户的土地安全性,增加了农业长期投资,并提高了信贷意愿。供给方面的影响路径是:确权增加了小农户的财产权并使其拥有了可流转大额财产,传递了还款可能性增加的信号;而且可将农地作为抵押品获得农地抵押贷款,增加了金融机构的贷款供给。不过,农地的信号传递作用大于抵押作用,农地抵押作用的发挥需要进行进一步的制度和组织创新。     

Innovation and gendered negotiations: Insights from six small‐scale fishing communities

There has so far been limited investigation into gender in relation to innovation in fisheries. Therefore, this study investigates how gender relations shape the capacity and motivation of different individuals in fishing communities to innovate. We compare six fishing communities in Cambodia, the Philippines and the Solomon Islands. Our findings suggest that gendered negotiations mediate the capacity to innovate but that wider structural constraints are important constraints for both men and women. Our findings show that men's and women's capacity to innovate is strongly mediated by the behaviour of their marriage partner. Consequently, we argue that gender research from a social relational perspective has an important contribution to make in understanding poor fishing communities where new ways of doing things or new technologies are being promoted.     

Effect of environmental conditions on the seasonal and inter‐annual variability of small pelagic fish abundance off North‐West Africa: The case of both Senegalese sardinella

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of environmental variations on the abundance of Sardinella aurita and Sardinella maderensis in Senegalese waters in the upwelling system. Monthly data indicating the abundance of sardinella were first estimated from commercial statistics, using Generalized Linear Model from 1966 to 2011. Abundance indices (AIs) were then compared with environmental indices, at the local scale, a Coastal Upwelling Index (CUI) and a coastal Sea Surface Temperature (SST) index, and on a large scale, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Multivariate El Niño Southern Oscillation Index (MEI), using correlations and times series analyses. The results showed that the abundance of sardinella is determined by a strong seasonal pattern and inter‐annual fluctuations. The abundance of S. aurita peaked in spring and in autumn, whereas that of S. maderensis peaked in the warm season (July–September). The trend of the sardinella abundance was significantly correlated with the CUI, especially in autumn and spring. Interannual fluctuations of S. maderensis and S. aurita abundance are, respectively, driven by the precocity and the duration of the upwelling season that is attributed to distinct migration patterns. Both sardinella species also respond with a delay of around 4 years to the winter NAO index and the autumn CUI, and the AMO index, respectively, both related to migration patterns. The wide variations in sardinella biomass are caused by variations in environmental conditions, which should be considered in the implementation of an ecosystem‐based approach in sardinella stocks management.     

Linking small pelagic fish and cetacean distribution to model suitable habitat for coastal dolphin species,Delphinus delphis and Tursiops truncatus,in the Greek Seas (Eastern Mediterranean)

1. A large‐scale assessment of the summertime suitable habitat for Delphinus delphis (short‐beaked common dolphin) and Tursiops truncatus (common bottlenose dolphin) in Greek Seas (Eastern Mediterranean) was conducted using data from dedicated and opportunistic cetacean surveys and published data records.
2. Using a presence/absence approach, generalized additive models were applied to define a suite of environmental, bathymetric and biotic factors that best describe common and bottlenose dolphin spatial distribution, during early (May, June, July) and late (August, September) summer.
3. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to integrate sightings data with environmental characteristics, distance from the coast and sardine probability of presence. These variables were considered as good proxies for defining species‐suitable habitat within the study area's coastal environment.
4. The final selected models were used to produce annual probability maps of the presence of the species in the entire Greek Seas, as a measure of habitat suitability. Based on the mean probability and standard deviation maps for the study period GIS techniques were subsequently used to determine the persistent (areas with high mean and low variation) and occasional (high mean and high variation) habitat of each species.
5. Results showed that there was a high probability of common dolphin presence in areas with a high probability of sardine presence. For bottlenose dolphin, higher probability of the presence of species occurred in areas closer to the shore, with a high probability of sardine presence and with high concentrations of chlorophyll‐a.
6. In both seasons, the North Aegean Sea and the Inner Ionian Sea Archipelago were indicated as the most suitable areas for common dolphin distribution. Persistent habitat areas of the bottlenose dolphin included enclosed seas, continental shelf waters, and waters surrounding islands. The indicated suitable areas are discussed along with deficiencies of the models and future implications for conservation.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.