我国污泥土地利用的展望

城市污水污泥含有大量有机物质及植物养分，具有改土和肥田的正效应；但它有臭味，含病原菌、寄生虫卵、重金属和某些有毒有机物等而具有负效应。污泥的处置过去所采用的填埋法受到填埋场地的限制，投海已被禁止，焚烧则投资大，有二次污染及浪费能源而应用较少。目前，大量采用并得到广泛重视的是土地利用，即把污泥直接施用或经过堆肥化形成的生物固体应用于林地、草地、市政绿化、容器育苗基质、农田、果树及蔬菜地，使严重扰动的土地迅速恢复植被和促进土壤熟化，这是一种利用生物能源且符合我国国情的方法，今后必将迅速发展。     

Comparison of biological and chemical methods to determine available nitrogen in sewage sludge amended soil

Summary Two biological and two chemical methods were tested to quantify the available N of two sewage sludges in two soils. Sewage sludges increased the quantified available N of soil according to the rate for any tested method. A significant correlation between available N determined by biological methods (leaching and non-leaching incubation procedures) was observed, while no significant correlation between chemical methods (acidic hydrolysis and 2 N KCl extraction) was reported. With the exclusion of the method based on acid hydrolysis, the other procedures were correlated significantly with the available N determined in field experiments. It is concluded that the method based on NH₄ ⁺-N released by KCl gives an easy and accurate estimation of the sewage sludge available N.[/ab]     

棉秆与污泥共热解制备生物炭工艺优化及其结构与吸附性能

随着经济的发展,产量巨大的棉秆与污泥亟需找到新的资源化方式。该研究利用污泥与棉秆共热解制备炭,采用正交试验法全面考察与分析了各因素对污泥-棉秆炭吸附性能以及表面结构的影响。结果表明,污泥质量分数、KOH浓度、微波功率、辐照时间以及装填量均会显著影响污泥-棉秆炭的吸附性能、表面官能团以及孔结构。优化工艺参数为:污泥质量分数30%,微波功率280 W,辐照时间24 min,KOH质量分数50%,装填量150 g,在该工艺条件可制备获得综合吸附性能较优的污泥-棉秆炭,其亚甲基蓝、酸性品红、硫酸铜以及碘的吸附值分别达到157.80、293.39、272.12、1 281.93 mg/g。污泥-棉秆炭的吸附性能可达到或超过国家木质净水用活性炭一级品的标准,但吸附质与炭的结构特性均会影响其吸附性能。酸性官能团总量与孔容分别与酸性品红吸附值及硫酸铜吸附值显著相关,其他结构参数与吸附性能相关性不显著,污泥-棉秆炭对污染物的吸附并不只是单一的物理吸附或化学吸附。该研究结果对于定向设计高效的棉秆-污泥炭基吸附剂具有参考价值。     

黄原胶溶液模拟消化污泥流动性能分析

为污泥消化反应器流场的可视化研究提供可行性方法,该文根据同流体流动相似准则分别从密度和流变学特性来分析黄原胶透明溶液作为常规消化污泥相似溶液的可行性。采用质量法和流变仪分别测量不同浓度污泥和添加KCl的黄原胶溶液的密度及流变特性。结果表明15 g/L添加KCl的黄原胶溶液与95%含水率污泥在密度不具有显著性差异的前提下具有相似的流变特性,流变曲线的决定系数分别为R2=0.995 3(动力黏度)、R2=0.893 5(剪切应力),均为典型的假塑性非牛顿流体。混合试验表明2种流体中示踪剂浓度的变化规律相似且均在40 min后趋于平衡浓度50 mg/L。等同性分析表明,在显著性水平α=0.05时,2种流体中以流变特性和密度为参数的双侧t检验不具有显著性差异,符合同流体流动相似准则。故添加KCl的黄原胶溶液可以作为污泥的透明相似溶液,为污泥等不透明生物质流体厌氧消化的模拟及可视化研究奠定基础。     

Decomposition of different organic materials in soils

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate organic C mineralization of various organic materials added to soils. A soil sample was mixed with organic material to approximate a field application of 9 g organic C kg^-1 soil (0.9% or 50 Mg ha^-1). The organic materials used were four crop residues [corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)], four animal manures [chicken (Gallus domesticus), pig (Sus scrofa), horse (Equus caballus), and cow (Bos taurus)] and four sewage sludges [Correctionville (Imhoff tank), Charles City (holding tank), Davenport (secondary digester), and Keokuk (primary digester)]. The soil-organic material mixture was incubated under aerobic conditions at room temperature (20±2°C) for 30 days. The CO₂ evolved was collected in standard KOH solution by continuously passing CO₂-free air over the soil. Results showed that, in general, the amounts of CO₂-C released mereased rapidly initially, but the pattern differed among the organic materials used. More than 50% of the total CO₂ produced in 30 days of incubation was evolved in the first 6 days. Expressed as percentages of organic C added, the amounts of CO₂ evolved ranged from 27% with corn to 58% with alfalfa. The corresponding percentages for animal manures ranged from 21 to 62% with horse and pig manures, respectively, and for sewage sludges they ranged from 10 to 39% for Charles City and Keokuk sludges. All CO₂ evolution data conformed well to a first-order kinetic model. Potentially, readily mineralizable organic C values and first-order rate constants (k) of the organic matter-treated soils ranged from 1.422 g C kg^-1 soil with ak value of 0.0784 day^-1 to 6.253 g C kg^-1 soil with ak value of 0.0300 day^-1. The half-lives of the C remaining in soils ranged from 39 to 54 days for plant materials. The corresponding half-lives for the C remaining from animal manures and sewage sludges ranged from 37 to 169 days and from 39 to 330 days, respectively.     

农用城市污泥二硝基甲苯在蕹菜-水稻土-渗漏水系统中的分布特征研究

在水稻土中施用城市污泥和化肥盆栽蕹菜，应用GC/MS技术对蕹菜植株、土壤和渗漏水中2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT)和2,6-二硝基甲苯(2,6-DNT)进行分析。结果表明，各处理蕹菜植株中2,4-DNT和2,6-DNT在各处理植株中的含量分别为0.035～0.307 mg/kg和0.007～0.392 mg/kg；土壤中的含量分别为0.015～0.146 mg/kg和未检出～0.285 mg/kg；渗漏水中的含量分别低于0.10 mg/L和未检出。施肥（包括化肥、污泥、污泥＋化肥）可能导致蕹菜植株和土壤中2,6-DNT的累积，2,4-DNT的情况较复杂。施肥也可能导致水体2,4-二硝基甲苯污染。不同处理的土壤-植株-渗漏水系统中2,4-DNT和2,6-DNT的含量分布特征不同。化肥中2,4-DNT的生物有效性明显高于2,6-DNT，施用化肥提高了污泥中2,4-DNT的生物有效性，降低了2,6-DNT的生物有效性，使2,4-DNT更易被蕹菜吸收积累，2,6-DNT更趋于分布在土壤中。     

外源亚精胺对受重金属污染的城市污泥植物修复的影响

研究外施浓度为1mmol/L的亚精胺（spd）对美洲商陆修复受重金属污染城市污泥的影响。结果表明,外施spd能使美洲商陆根系生长及其生物量均增加1.5倍以上;同时能增加叶绿素a的含量和叶绿素总量,减少叶绿素的流失。外施1mmol/L spd还能明显促进美洲商陆各器官对城市污泥中Cd、Hg重金属的吸收、转运和富集,但对Cu和Zn的吸收差异不明显。上述结果表明,spd增强了美洲商陆对Cd、Hg污染的城市污泥的修复作用,并在一定程度上缓解了城市污泥中Cd2＋、Hg2＋对美洲商陆的毒害作用。     

剩余污泥厌氧发酵混合物提高低C/N污水处理效果

为了避免剩余污泥厌氧发酵液利用时泥液难分离的问题,探讨了直接将发酵混合物用作外加碳源处理低碳氮比(C/N)污水的可行性。为此,首先对比了酸性(pH值=4.0±0.2)、中性(不控pH值)、碱性(pH值=10.0±0.2)条件下长期运行的剩余污泥厌氧发酵混合物的特性;其次,分别考察了碱性厌氧发酵混合物的不同投加量(0、10、20、30、50、100、200 mL),在反硝化及释磷过程中的利用。结果表明:碱性条件下溶解性化学需氧量(soluble chemical oxygen demand,SCOD)和短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)产量要远高于酸性和中性条件的,其中C/N比和C/P比分别高达18.9和57.0,更适合作为外加碳源利用。反硝化过程中,当初始NO_3~--N=(15.0±0.5)mg/L时,最佳投加量为30 mL,此时NO_3~--N去除率为100%;释磷过程中,最佳投加量为20 mL,此时最大净释磷量为22.8 mg/L。剩余污泥碱性厌氧发酵混合物用作外加碳源是可行的,既解决了碳源不足及剩余污泥处理的双重问题,又简化了传统发酵液利用时泥液分离的操作步骤,适用于处理低C/N比乡镇生活污水。