城市池塘水质时间变化特性--以扬州大学江阳路南校区池塘为例

城市中的池塘是城市水体的重要组成部分,为揭示城市化背景下池塘水体水质的时间变化特性,选取扬州大学江阳路南校区池塘为研究区,对该池塘2018年7月至2019年6月的水质参数蓝绿藻浓度(Phyco)、水温(WT)、溶解氧(DO)、pH与电导率(EC)进行观测,采用变异系数法、单因子水质标识指数法以及多元线性回归法对各参数的变化特性进行评价。结果显示:池塘WT呈季节性变化;观测期间pH变化范围为7.74~9.98,水体呈碱性;DO变化的随机性较强,未表现出明显变化规律;各水质参数变异性及权重从大到小依次为WT>DO>EC>pH;以DO为指标的单因子水质标识指数结果表明:池塘DO达到Ⅲ类水要求的时段占总观测时段的84%;多元线性回归分析结果表明:DO与WT、pH呈正相关,与Phyco呈负相关,Phyco及pH的变化对DO浓度的影响相对于WT大。     

施用有机肥替代化肥、化肥减量对结球生菜生长的影响

本研究通过施用黑老虎、时科两种微生物有机肥,对化肥进行减量,与常规施肥进行对比,发现：施用微生物有机肥,化肥减量10%、减量20%,结球生菜的死亡率明显低于常规施肥；在结球生菜生长中期,施用生物有机肥结球生菜的展开幅度明显好于常规施肥；在结球生菜采收期,施用生物有机肥,化肥减量10%,时科微生物有机肥和黑老虎微生物有机肥的结球生菜单果重分别为0.54g和0.80g,相比与常规施肥,提高了31.7%和95.1%。施用微生物有机肥,化肥减量20%,时科微生物有机肥和黑老虎微生物有机肥的结球生菜单果重分别为0.49g和0.61g,相比与常规施肥,提高了19.5%和48.7%。     

Identification of SNPs and expression patterns of FZD3 gene and its effect on wool traits in Chinese Merino sheep(Xinjiang Type)

As a member of the Frizzled family, Frizzled3(FZD3) is a receptor of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and plays a vital role in mammalian hair follicle developmental processes. However, its effects on wool traits are not clear. The objectives of this study were to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and the expression patterns of FZD3 gene, and then to determine whether it affected wool traits of Chinese Merino sheep(Xinjiang Type) or not. PCR-single stranded conformational polymorphism(PCR-SSCP) and sequencing were used to identify mutation loci, and general linear model(GLM) with SAS 9.1 was used for the association analysis between wool traits and SNPs. Quantitative real-time PCR(q RTPCR) was used to investigate FZD3 gene expression levels. The results showed that six exons of FZD3 gene were amplified and two mutation loci were identified in exon 1(NC_019459.2: g.101771685 TC(SNP1)) and exon 3(NC_019459.2: g.101810848, AC(SNP2)), respectively. Association analysis showed that SNP1 was significantly associated with mean fiber diameter(MFD)(P=0.04) and live weight(LW)(P=0.0004), SNP2 was significantly associated with greasy fleece weight(GFW)(P=0.04). The expression level of FZD3 gene in skin tissues of the superfine wool(SF) group was significantly lower(P0.05) than that of the fine wool(F) group. Moreover, it had a higher expression level(P0.01) in skin tissues than in other tissues of Chinese Merino ewes. While, its expression level had a fluctuant expression in skin tissues at different developmental stages of embryos and born lambs, with the highest expression levels(P0.01) at the 65 th day of embryos. Our study revealed the genetic relationship between FZD3 variants and wool traits and two identified SNPs might serve as potential and valuable genetic markers for sheep breeding and lay a molecular genetic foundation for sheep markerassisted selection(MAS).     

绵羊心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白基因单核苷酸多态性分析

试验旨在探讨心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白（heart fatty acid-binding protein，H-FABP）基因在绵羊中的遗传多态性，并寻找可用于辅助选择的分子标记。本研究以滩羊（250只）及滩羊×湖羊杂交F1代（174只）为试验动物，利用SNaPshot分型技术对H-FABP基因（GenBank登录号：AY157617）的多态位点进行单核苷酸多态性（SNP）分析，统计基因频率和基因型频率，进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡性检测，计算期望杂合度（He）、多态信息含量（PIC）和有效等位基因数（Ne）等遗传多态指标，分析候选基因不同基因型与体重、体长、体高、胸围、胸深、胸宽和管围等生长性状的关联性。结果显示：①检测到9个多态位点：939[A/G]、980[G/A]、1018[T/C]、2878[C/T]、2956[C/T]、3017[G/A]、3341[G/C]、3394[T/A]、1056[-/G]，其中有6处转换、2处颠换、1处单碱基插入。②939[A/G]、980[G/A]、2956[C/T]、3341[G/C]、3394[T/A]和1018[T/C]的He为0.3200~0.4666，PIC为0.2688~0.3577；2878[C/T]、3017[G/A]位点的He为0.0283~0.1272，PIC为0.0279~0.1191，为低度多态；1056[-/G]位点的He在滩羊、滩羊×湖羊杂交F1代群体中分别为0.0120和0，PIC在滩羊、滩羊×湖羊杂交F1代群体中分别为0.0119和0；9个多态位点在滩羊、滩羊×湖羊杂交F1代群体中均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。③5个多态位点：939[A/G]、980[G/A]、2956[C/T]、3341[G/C]、3394[T/A]处于紧密连锁（D'>0.99），将H-FABP基因分为3个单倍型：AA、AB和BB。④在41只滩羊×湖羊杂交F1代羊中，BB单倍型在各生产性状上具有最大值，但各单倍型间差异不显著（P>0.05）。结果表明，绵羊H-FABP基因具有丰富的遗传多态性，939[A/G]、980[G/A]、2956[C/T]、3341[G/C]、3394[T/A]5个位点紧密连锁，BB单倍型可能是与绵羊生产性状相关的优势单倍型。     

不同含水率条件下非饱和边坡的稳定性

[目的]试图改进现有初始条件考量方法,重点分析不同初始含水率条件下降雨入渗对边坡稳定性的作用机制,为滑坡预警提供参考。[方法]以甘肃省天水市廖集村滑坡为例,基于无前期降雨和有前期降雨作用下实测土层含水率结果,将其分别定义为天然和湿润状态,作为初始条件建立渗流与应力的流—固耦合物理力学模型。[结果]天然状态下,非饱和入渗迅速,但入渗仅局限于浅表层1—2m,稳定系数在入渗初期显著下降,但随着下渗的停滞而缓慢变化,往往形成浅表层滑坡;湿润条件下,土体持水缓慢,但能下渗到3—4m以下的较深部位,随着入渗深度的增大,土体软化作用加强,形成深部滑坡。所以,土体干燥状态时,进行7d的雨量预警是有效的防灾方法。对于连阴雨天气,土层较湿润,要注重对滑坡体4m以下部位孔隙水压力和坡脚位移形变的监测。[结论]土体初始条件对非饱和入渗和稳定性变化过程具有显著影响,是降雨触发型滑坡稳定性分析中不可忽略的因素。     

安徽省不同区域油菜对氮肥一次性施用方式的响应

研究油菜氮肥一次性施用条件下,不同油菜产区适宜的氮肥施用方式及其在不同栽培方式上的差异,为油菜轻简化施肥提供依据。2010~2011年度在安徽省江淮和沿江油菜主产区布置移栽油菜和直播油菜的不同氮肥施用方式田间试验。结果表明,一次性基施氮肥180 kg/hm2的条件下,相同施肥方式时移栽油菜较直播油菜获得更高的产量和氮素积累。扣除移栽劳动力成本后,直播油菜在江淮地区获得较高经济效益,沿江地区移栽油菜和直播油菜效益接近。在江淮地区,移栽油菜和直播油菜均以氮肥集中施用(移栽油菜穴施、直播油菜条施)的方式获得最高产量、最大氮积累量和最优氮肥利用效率;在沿江地区则是氮肥撒施后翻耕和氮肥集中施用两种施肥方式。因此,相同施肥方式下,直播油菜虽产量较移栽油菜低,但经济效益却没有明显下降,是油菜轻简化生产的发展方向。氮肥集中施用是江淮地区的最优施肥方式,氮肥撒施后翻耕和氮肥集中施用是沿江地区的较佳选择,但选择合适的施肥方式时仍需因地制宜。     

单旋翼油动无人施药直升机悬停状态下风场下洗气流分布规律研究

无人施药直升机,具有机动灵活、无需专用起降场地、对飞行空域要求低等优点,在我国航空植保中已经初步得到应用。相关文献中通过实验证明,单旋翼无人直升机施药装备进行水稻、玉米等病虫害的防治,在旋翼产生的下洗气流的辅助作用下,药液的沉积率和穿透率都大大提高,尤其是在水稻生长分蘖期和玉米生长穗期(封行)以后,防效优于常规地面机具。风场的有效覆盖范围、下洗气流风速的大小,对机载施药装备的装配布局以及施药效果有着直接的影响。该文采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD),对油动单旋翼直升机悬停状态时5、6、7m高度下的旋翼所产生的风场进行了模拟分析,重点研究了风场中对农药喷洒作业过程中主要影响雾滴沉积分布的下洗气流分布规律,并设计了一套农用无人机风场测量装备,并以单旋翼油动无人机为测试对象,对旋翼产生的风场进行了测试验证。试验中,将无人机升至距离地面5、6和7m,采用"米-环形放射状布点法",纵向(Z轴向)、径向(从原点O至与Z轴垂直面上的测量点)均以主旋翼中轴和地面相交处为圆心、0.5m为一步长,径向以45°夹角分隔测量8个方向,垂直向和径向布置测量点,测量范围以主旋翼中轴为圆心、旋翼旋转覆盖面为主。以5m高度时风场下洗气流风速数据为例进行了充分讨论,模拟结果和试验测量结果显示:随着高度的增大同一纵向剖面上风速变化总体趋势是由大变小再迅速变大,并在1m左右高度处出现下洗气流风速极小值区间,在2m左右高度处出现下洗气流风速值极大值区间;随着径向距离的增加同一径向上风速变化总体趋势是先由小变大,再由大变小,下洗气流最大测量值为11.37m/s,风速值较大区间为径向0.5~1.5m之间;接近地面(高度0.5m处)的风速变化规律不明显。对8个方向5个测量高度的试验数据进行标准差对比,结果表明标准差总体不大于0.6m/s;以测量数据为依据,计算了模拟数据与测量数据间的误差,结果表明整体最大相对误差限介于0.3~0.7之间,验证了模拟数据的可信度;结合模拟数据和实验测量数据,采用高次多项式拟合,测量高度超过1m以上时,多项式拟合决定系数R2达到或超过0.75,说明拟合方程具有参考价值,0.5m以下测量高度,多项式拟合决定系数R2值较小,介于0.4~0.7之间不等。研究将为单旋翼无人机航空施药提供优化依据。     

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the growth hormone gene of Oreochromis niloticus and their association with growth performance

Polymorphisms in the growth hormone (GH) gene that is associated with the growth rate of farmed fish have been the target of many breeding programmes. The present study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GH gene regions to evaluate the association of SNP variations with the growth rate of two Nile tilapia: Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) strains. The targeted regions were amplified, sequenced, aligned and screened for the presence of SNPs; thereafter, performance tests were used to check for the association between SNPs and weight. Allele and genotype frequencies were estimated for each SNP and genotype. Genotype blocks or sets of SNP genotypes and frequencies were also estimated. Association between SNPs and growth rate was statistically evaluated using a univariate linear mixed model that included both fixed and random effects. A total of 10 SNPs were identified, nine in the proximal promoter and one located in the 5′ UTR, forming 10 genotype blocks. In all weight recordings, five genotype blocks were significantly associated with the highest weights. Single nucleotide polymorphisms 6‐10 were also found to be significantly associated with growth (p‐value < .05). Genotypes with higher additive genetic values for weight were identified in the Chitralada strain, suggesting a possible impact of these additive effects of the GH SNP genotype on the growth rate of Nile tilapia. These findings may be used as part of marker‐assisted selection in tilapia breeding programmes.     

Genomewide association analysis of salt tolerance in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Salinity is a common abiotic stress causing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield loss worldwide. The use of tolerant cultivars is an effective and economic approach to coping with this stress. Towards this, research is needed to identify salt‐tolerant germplasm and better understand the genetic and molecular basis of salt tolerance in soybean. The objectives of this study were to identify salt‐tolerant genotypes, to search for single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and QTLs associated with salt tolerance. A total of 192 diverse soybean lines and cultivars were screened for salt tolerance in the glasshouse based on visual leaf scorch scores after 15–18 days of 120 mM NaCl stress. These genotypes were further genotyped using the SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChip. Genomewide association mapping showed that 62 SNP markers representing six genomic regions on chromosomes (Chr.) 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 18, respectively, were significantly associated with salt tolerance (p < 0.001). A total of 52 SNP markers on Chr. 3 are mapped at or near the major salt tolerance QTL previously identified in S‐100 (Lee et al., 2014). Three SNPs on Chr. 18 map near the salt tolerance QTL previously identified in Nannong1138‐2 (Chen, Cui, Fu, Gai, & Yu, 2008). The other significant SNPs represent four putative minor QTLs for salt tolerance, newly identified in this study. The results above lay the foundation for fine mapping, cloning and molecular breeding for soybean salt tolerance.     

贵阳花溪古茶树遗传进化的SNP分析

试验采用SNP(单核苷酸多态性)技术对贵阳花溪古茶树资源的遗传多样性、群体结构和遗传进化进行了分析.结果表明,利用生物信息学分析古茶树样品的重测序数据,获得了1 656 258个SLAF标签,古茶树样品平均测序深度为24.21x,其中多态性的SLAF标签有462 897个,共得到283 376个高一致性的群体SNP标记.从基于SNP标记获得的进化树可以看出,来自相近地方的古茶树在进化树上基本上处于相近位置,但是花溪古茶树存在着广泛的遗传变异,主成分分析(PCA)获得了与进化树一致的结果.群体结构分析可清晰地把古茶树资源分为乔木型和灌木型2个类群.乔木型古茶树位于进化树下部,而灌木型古茶树处于进化树上部,表明茶树是由乔木型向灌木型进化的.