Effects of Salinity,Commercial Salts,and Water Type on Cultivation of the Cryptophyte Microalgae Rhodomonas salina and the Calanoid Copepod Acartia tonsa

Marine aquaculture facilities positioned far from the sea need access to seawater (SW); hence, commercial salts are often the chosen solution. In marine hatcheries, most fish larvae require live feed (zooplankton) that are in turn fed with microalgae. The objective of this research was to investigate the applicability of commercial salts and clarify the potential effects on the cultivation of the microalga Rhodomonas salina and the copepod Acartia tonsa. Three commercial salts were tested, Red Sea Salt (RS), Red Sea – Coral Pro Salt (CP), and Blue Treasure Salt. R. salina was cultured at salinities of 10, 20, and 30 psu resulting in equal growth rates at salinities 20 and 30 in SW and RS mixed with deionized (DI) water. The optimum salinity for R. salina was 29 psu. For A. tonsa eggs, we observed highest hatching success in 30 psu with CP or RS mixed with DI water. The egg hatching success was not affected by salinities 15–40 and optimal hatching was obtained at 27 psu. Results confirm it was possible to use commercial salts for rearing of both R. salina and A. tonsa, widening the application of these species for aquaculture facilities without access to SW.     

基于变量优选与机器学习的干旱区湿地土壤盐渍化数字制图

土壤盐渍化是导致土壤退化和生态系统恶化的主要原因之一，对干旱区的可持续发展构成主要威胁。为了尽可能精确地监测土壤盐渍化的空间变异性，该研究收集新疆艾比湖湿地78个典型样点，其中选取54个样本作为训练集，24个样本作为独立验证集。基于Sientinel-2 多光谱传感器（Multi-Spectral Instrument，MSI）、数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model，DEM）数据提取3类指数（红边光谱指数、植被指数和地形指数），经过极端梯度提升（Extreme Gradient Boosting，XGBoost）算法筛选有效特征变量，构建了关于土壤电导率（Electrical Conductivity，EC）的随机森林（Random Forest，RF）、极限学习机（Extra Learning Machine，ELM）和偏最小二乘回归（Partial Least Squares Regression，PLSR）预测模型，并选择最优模型绘制了艾比湖湿地盐渍化分布图。结果表明：优选的红边光谱指数基本能够预测EC的空间变化；红边光谱指数与植被指数组合建模效果总体上优于其与地形指数的组合，3类指数组合的建模取得了较为理想的预测精度，其中RF模型表现最优（验证集R2=0.83，RMSE=4.81 dS/m，RPD=3.11）；在整个研究区内，中部和东部地区土壤盐渍化程度尤为严重。因此，XGBoost所筛选出的环境因子结合机器学习算法可以实现干旱区土壤盐渍化的监测。     

土壤水溶性盐基离子的高光谱反演模型及验证

土壤水溶性盐基离子是诊断土壤盐渍化类型与盐渍化程度的重要依据,利用光谱技术快速获取土壤水溶性盐基离子含量数据,可为土壤盐渍化类型与盐渍化程度的诊断提供新的技术和手段。该研究通过采集新疆5个不同地区399个土样的反射率与水溶性盐基离子数据并进行31种光谱预处理方法,分析了不同水溶性盐基离子(HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)与高光谱反射率之间的相关性;采用K-S(Kennard-Stone)方法挑选出299个样品,针对每种离子使用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)分别建立32个高光谱定量反演模型,优选最佳反演模型,并单独使用100个样品对估测模型进行检验。结果表明:不同离子的最佳反演模型所使用的预处理方法存在差异,其中仅有Cl-和Ca2+、SO42-和Mg2+所使用的预处理方法相同,其他离子则不同;不同离子的反演精度也不同,HCO3-和Ca2+构建的模型相对分析误差(relative percent deviation,RPD)分别为2.67、2.57,模型具有很好的预测能力。Cl-、SO42-和Mg2+所构建的模型RPD分别为2.05、2.10和2.14,表明这三者建立的模型具有较好的预测能力。K+建立的模型RPD仅为1.11,不能对样品进行预测。Na+构建的模型RPD为1.83,表明该离子所建模型只能对样品进行粗略估测。研究结果为探究水溶性盐基离子的高光谱反演增添了新的内容,为土壤盐渍化监测的深入和推进提供了新的思路和方法。     

Extractability of cellulases in forest litter and soil

Summary Cellulases in forest litter and soil occur in both bound and extractable forms. The proportion of total bound endocellulase activity (not extractable) increases during decomposition, whereas the proportion of bound exocellulase activity remains fairly constant. The proportions of bound enzymes differ among litter types with different chemical compositions. The proportion of bound activity is higher in mineral soil than in litter. We also investigated the effects of anion type (NaCl versus Na₂SO₄), concentration and pH on the extractability of cellulases and protein in two horizons of two forest soils. The extractability of cellulases increases as pH increases from 3.5 to 5.6. Anion type and concentration did not have consistent effects on extractability. However, there was a trend for higher extractability by sulfate than by chloride and with increasing salinity.     

Duration of the effects of anionic salts on the acid–base status in cows fed different anionic salts only once daily

Seeing the fact that farm managers in Germany feed anionic salts to transition cows once daily, this study set out to evaluate whether the effects on the acid–base status (ABS) and calcium excretion in urine would persist throughout the entire day beyond this feeding practice. Eleven non-lactating, non-pregnant, Holstein–Friesian-cows with a rumen fistula were administered 2Eq of calcium chloride (CaCl₂/five cows) or calcium sulfate (CaSO₄/six cows) once daily for a period of 1 week. At day 7, blood and urine samples were taken every 4 h starting at 06:00 a.m. before feeding the anionic salts, and then ending at the same time the next day. Feeding anionic salts to the cows induced metabolic acidosis in both of the groups. The changes tended to be greater in CaCl₂-cows. After 12 h, the acidosis lessened and the initial values were reached after 24 h. The CaCl₂-cows, however, still showed signs of compensated metabolic acidosis. The results of the present study showed that feeding anionic salts once daily confined the risk of an interrupted effect of the anionic salts on the acid–base status as well as calcium metabolism after 12 h.     

Accumulation and Mobility of Salts in Soil as Influenced by Primary Biomethanated Spentwash

A soil column laboratory experiment was carried out at the central campus, Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri, India during 2008–2009 to study the accumulation and mobility of salts in Typic Haplusterts as influenced by primary biomethanated spentwash (PBSW). The PBSW was applied in three different levels (0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 cm) and then tap water with low salinity and low sodium hazard (C₁S₁ class) was used to carry out leaching in four different levels of water at the pore volume of soil (WPVS) (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0). The electrical conductivity (EC) in the soil increased significantly with increasing levels of PBSW and decreased with increasing levels of WPVS in surface (0–15 cm deep) and subsurface (15–30 cm deep) soil layers. The exchangeable calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), and potassium (K⁺) increased, whereas exchangeable sodium (Na⁺) decreased with increasing levels of PBSW and WPVS in surface and subsurface layers of soil. The organic carbon content increased with increasing levels of PBSW and decreased with increasing levels of WPVS in both the soil layers. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased with increasing levels of PBSW and WPVS in both the soil layers. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) decreased with increasing levels of PBSW and WPVS over the initial values of soil in both the layers. The pH of saturated paste (pHs) was reduced and electrical conductivity of extract (ECe) was increased with increasing levels of PBSW and WPVS in both the layers. The Na⁺ content of saturation paste extract increased significantly with increasing levels of PBSW and WPVS in both the soil layers.     

微咸水灌溉条件下含黏土夹层土壤的水盐运移规律

黏土夹层影响着土壤水盐运移及分布,为了研究在含黏土夹层的土壤中进行微咸水灌溉时土壤的水盐运移规律,进行了春小麦微咸水灌溉大田试验,并在此基础上运用数值模型对土壤盐分累积趋势进行了模拟预测。结果表明,黏土夹层对土壤水盐运移具有显著的阻碍作用,黏土夹层以上土壤平均含水量、含盐量呈随灌溉水矿化度增大而增加的趋势,黏土夹层以下各处理土壤水盐分布几乎不受微咸水灌溉的影响;大定额冬溉洗盐后,各处理0～70 cm土层最大积盐率仍高达65.7%,部分盐分滞留在黏土夹层以上;土壤盐分分布预测结果表明,微咸水连续灌溉5 a后,灌溉水矿化度为4和5 g/L的处理土壤盐渍化倾向明显,不宜在含黏土夹层地区长期使用矿化度>3 g/L的微咸水进行灌溉,否则将对土壤环境产生严重危害。     

环渤海低平原区土壤安全容盐潜力评价

该文通过环渤海低平原区的土壤安全临界容盐潜力和最大容盐潜力分析,为保障土壤安全和粮食作物安全下的咸水灌溉提供科学依据。通过实验室数据和整合所搜集资料,查明了环渤海低平原区的0～40cm土壤含盐量现状,在此基础上,以不同盐分情况下的土壤安全容盐值、土壤化学类型和作物布局结构为参考指标,对研究区的土壤安全容盐潜力进行了评价。总的来看,环渤海低平原区的土壤安全临界容盐潜力变化区间为1.0～3.0g/kg,其中以2.0～2.5g/kg的潜力区为主,占总面积的81.3%,整体容盐潜力较大;其他等级1.5～2.0、2.5～3.0和1.0～1.5g/kg的潜力区,分别占10.0%、5.4%和3.1%。土壤安全最大容盐潜力区的变化区间为1.5～5.5g/kg,其中以2.5～3.5g/kg的潜力区为主,占总面积的68.7%,整体容盐潜力较小;其他等级3.5～4.5、1.5～2.5和4.5～5.5g/kg的潜力区,分别占25.2%、5.1%和1.0%。土壤安全临界容盐潜力区和最大容盐潜力区在空间格局上有很好的对应关系,临界容盐潜力大的地区,最大容盐潜力也大;反之,依然。     

膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐运移简化模型

滴灌农田土壤盐分积累是关系到这一方式是否可持续的重要问题,数值模拟是研究这一问题的重要手段,然而目前缺乏针对这一问题的可用模型。该文构建了一个滴灌土壤水盐运移简化模型,通过将膜下滴灌土体划分为若干单元格,通过滴灌入渗饱和湿润体形成、毛管扩散运移2个过程实现滴灌土壤水盐运移模拟,该模型包含有降水再分配、根系吸水、土壤蒸发等水文过程。于2010年在新疆石河子大学灌溉试验站微咸水滴灌试验,对构建的模型进行校正和验证,结果显示,该模型较好地模拟了膜下滴灌土壤水分与盐分运移过程以及土壤盐分积累特征,研究结果可为膜下滴灌条件下棉田土壤盐分积累及其影响因子研究提供基础。