根系修剪对枳生长及相关基因表达的影响

以枳实生苗为试验材料,通过两年重复试验分析了不切除主根、切除1/3主根、切除1/2主根、切除2/3主根等4个不同水平根系修剪处理下枳实生苗生长发育、根系构型和营养吸收的情况,并检测了不同水平根系修剪处理对侧根发育关键基因表达量的影响。结果表明,切除1/2主根处理增加了枳实生苗的株高、茎粗、地上部鲜重和根系鲜重,改善了根系构型参数(侧根数、总根长、根表面积和平均长度),增加了根系P、K、Ca、B、Fe、Na和Zn等营养元素含量。另外,实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测发现,根系修剪处理诱导了侧根发育关键基因HOX1和CYP2的积累,并抑制了IAA11和IAA13的表达。综上所述,适度根系修剪可能通过诱导HOX1、CYP2基因的上调和IAA11、IAA13基因的下调来调控枳实生苗侧根的生长发育,改善根系构型,从而提高枳实生苗对营养元素的吸收能力及植株的生长发育。     

Modulation of plant root traits by nitrogen and phosphate: transporters,long-distance signaling proteins and peptides,and potential artificial traps

As sessile organisms, plants rely on their roots for anchorage and uptake of water and nutrients. Plant root is an organ showing extensive morphological and metabolic plasticity in response to diverse environmental stimuli including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrition/stresses. N and P are two essential macronutrients serving as not only cell structural components but also local and systemic signals triggering root acclimatory responses. Here, we mainly focused on the current advances on root responses to N and P nutrition/stresses regarding transporters as well as long-distance mobile proteins and peptides, which largely represent local and systemic regulators, respectively. Moreover, we exemplified some of the potential pitfalls in experimental design, which has been routinely adopted for decades. These commonly accepted methods may help researchers gain fundamental mechanistic insights into plant intrinsic responses, yet the output might lack strong relevance to the real situation in the context of natural and agricultural ecosystems. On this basis, we further discuss the established—and yet to be validated—improvements in experimental design, aiming at interpreting the data obtained under laboratory conditions in a more practical view.     

Effect of Spatial Soil Moisture Stress on Cotton Root Architecture

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of spatial soil moisture stress on cotton root growth, and to analyze the corresponding changes in cotton root architecture. [Method] To produce soil moisture spatial stress, cotton spacing was set at 30 cm. The cotton was all irrigated on one side of the pole (the side sampling point). By excavating the cotton root, analysis of the main root bifurcation, which was cultivated away from the irrigation point, could be undertaken. [Result] The analyses of the cotton A (the nearest plant to the irrigation location) root system showed that soil moisture near the irrigation point was distributed uniformly. The root system architecture of the cotton cultivated near the irrigation point mostly presented a symmetrical "umbrella" pattern; the difference in root diameter between the main and lateral roots was 5–6 mm, and the average angle between them was 70°–80°, which decreased with the increase in cotton growth stage. Soil moisture spatial stress influenced the cotton plant C, which was cultivated away from the irrigation point, such that the root system architecture was asymmetrical. The roots of cotton plant C grew towards the high soil moisture zone; 48.15% of the lateral roots became thicker, which acted as a bifurcated main root. The difference in diameter between the bifurcated roots was 1–4 mm, and the average angle of the bifurcated roots along the vertical direction was between 20°–37°, which increased with the increase in cotton growth stage. [Conclusion] The results provide important information on the physiological responses of the cotton root system to the soil moisture environment.     

苹果根系生理和叶片光合对地面不同覆盖物的差异反应

【目的】揭示苹果根系和叶片对地面覆盖稻草苫等材料的差异性反应,为果园地面合理覆盖提供依据。【方法】于春季将稻草苫、农用地毯、园艺地布和透明塑料膜覆盖在3年生‘红星’苹果树地面,以清耕为对照,于翌年仲春、夏末、中秋和初冬调查根系活力、根系一氧化氮(NO)生成速率、根系硝酸还原酶(NR)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性以及叶片净光合速率(Pn)等生理参数的变化,在秋冬季分析植株生长量及根系构型等。【结果】苹果根系活力、根系NO生成速率和叶片Pn等生理变化对4种覆盖物的反应存在明显的季节差异。春季,4种覆盖物均提高了根系活力、根系NR和NOS活性及NO生成速率,其中透明塑料膜和农用地毯的效果更显著;夏季,稻草苫和农用地毯覆盖显著提高上述所测根系生理参数值,而透明塑料膜使这些参数值显著降低;秋季,4种覆盖均显著提高根系NR和NOS活性;初冬,稻草苫、农用地毯和园艺地布覆盖均显著提高所测根系生理参数值。除了春季,4种覆盖物对根系生理参数的提高,均以稻草苫的效果最显著。4种覆盖物均降低根系生理参数的变异性,其中,农用地毯覆盖下各参数变异最小,透明塑料膜覆盖下变异最大。4种覆盖物均显著提高夏末、中秋和初冬的叶片Pn及秋季叶片水分利用效率(WUE),增大初冬根系表面积、直径、总长度、体积和根系分形维数,促进新梢生长和干径增粗,稻草苫和农用地毯的效果更显著。稻草苫改善根系生理特性和根系形态构型,提高夏秋季叶片Pn及促进植株生长的效果最突出;农用地毯对根系分形维数的提高与稻草苫相近且高于园艺地布和透明塑料膜,对根系生理变化的稳定作用最突出;园艺地布对夏秋季叶片Pn的提高作用仅次于稻草苫,对根系生理参数的稳定效果不及农用地毯;透明塑料膜在夏末和中秋季节降低根系活力,对秋季叶片WUE的提高及对植株生长的促进作用最小,对根系生理变化的稳定作用也最小。【结论】从改善苹果根系活力和根系构型、提高叶片光合作用和水分利用效率、促进植株生长及稳定根系生理变化的综合效果看,稻草苫的覆盖效果最好。     

基于iTRAQ技术的不同耐旱性甘薯苗期根系差异蛋白分析

为从蛋白水平揭示不同甘薯品种的苗期耐旱性差异,明确甘薯耐旱性生理机制,以耐旱性强的济薯21(JS)和耐旱性弱的济紫薯1(JH)为材料,采用PEG-6000模拟田间梯度干旱胁迫过程,采用i TRAQ技术开展甘薯苗期根系全蛋白组差异蛋白分析。结果表明,在4个比较组中,共筛选到567个差异表达蛋白,其中上调表达蛋白302个,覆盖率达20%以上的蛋白占鉴定总蛋白数的58.6%。GO分析发现,JS苗期根系差异蛋白主要集中在胁迫响应、非生物刺激响应等生物过程,而JH苗期根系差异蛋白主要集中在糖基复合物代谢和辅酶代谢等生物过程,干旱均主要影响2个品种的细胞质、细胞溶质等细胞组分,2个品种的差异蛋白分子功能均涉及催化活性、氧化还原酶活性等方面。KEGG分析发现,正常条件下,耐旱性强的较耐旱性弱的甘薯品种苗期根系中的过氧化物酶(POD)和肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)表达上调;在干旱条件下,次生代谢合成过程中的苯丙烷合成通路中上调表达的差异蛋白最多,耐旱性强的JS苗期根系中主要是胁迫响应相关蛋白,而耐旱性弱的JH苗期根系中主要是能量代谢相关蛋白。总之,干旱对甘薯苗期根系细胞质中次生物质合成和能量代谢影响较大,耐旱性强的甘薯苗期根系氧化还原酶类蛋白表达上调,不同耐旱性甘薯苗期根系在蛋白组学水平上响应干旱的生理调控途径存在明显差异。本研究为甘薯耐旱性品种生理鉴定和耐旱基因发掘提供了线索。     

道路草花景观对驾驶人员红灯敏感度的影响

近年来,随着对城市道路景观构建的重视,道路绿化、彩化景观愈发优美和引人注目。该文基于152份有效问卷,研究对比分析了3种道路灌-草层的绿化形式(绿篱式、50%草花覆盖式及100%草花覆盖式)对有驾驶经验的受访者红灯敏感度的影响。结果显示,相对于绿篱式道路绿化,草花式道路绿化会造成受访者红灯敏感度降低;女性比男性的红灯敏感度高,但更易受草花干扰;25—45岁年龄段受访者对红灯的敏感度和抗草花干扰能力比18—25岁及45岁以上受访者高;相对于偏好草花式绿化的受访者,偏好绿篱式绿化的受访者有更高的红灯敏感度和抗草花干扰能力。建议应尽量避免在事故易发地段大面积应用颜色艳丽的草花进行道路绿化。     

Tree and stand structure of the non-native Pinus contorta in relation to native Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies in young managed forests in boreal Sweden

Managed forest stands are typically younger and structurally less diverse than natural forests. Introduction of non-native tree species might increase the structural changes to managed forest stands, but detailed analyses of tree- and stand-structures of native and non-native managed forests are often lacking. Improved knowledge of non-native forest structure could help clarify their multiple values (e.g. habitat for native biodiversity, bioenergy opportunities). We studied the structural differences between the introduced, non-native Pinus contorta and the native Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies over young forest stand ages (13–34 years old) in managed forests in northern Sweden. We found that P. contorta stands had greater mean basal areas, tree heights, diameters at breast height, and surface area of living branches than the two native species in young stands. The surface area of dead attached branches was also greater in P. contorta than P. abies. Although this indicates greater habitat availability for branch-living organisms, it also contributes to the overall more shaded conditions in stands of P. contorta. Only one older 87 years old P. contorta stand was available, and future studies will tell how structural differences between P. contorta and native tree species develop over the full forestry cycle.     

浑河源头不同水源涵养林根系分布特征

【目的】揭示浑河源头不同水源涵养林根系分布特征。【方法】采用根钻法和WinRHIZO根系分析系统等研究手段,定量分析了不同林地根系参数(根质量密度、根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度)垂直分布特征以及不同径级根系分布特征。【结果】各个样地植物根系主要集中在0～20 cm土层,且随着土层深度的增加而减小,0～10 cm土层红松林地和采伐迹地显著大于混交林地和落叶松(p<0.05);各样地不同径级根质量密度分布存在差异,多为细根,根质量密度在0.47～9.73 g/cm~3之间,根长密度在0.88～5.90 cm/cm~3之间,根表面积在0.22～0.94 cm2/cm~3之间,根体积密度在0.003～0.022 cm~3/cm~3之间。【结论】不同水源涵养林植物根系主要集中在0～20 cm,红松和混交林地根系量最高。     

不同外援营养液对白灵菇生长的影响

以白灵菇菌株TN01为试材,选取香菇、杏鲍菇、白玉菇3种食用菌菇根为原料配制外援营养液,测定各营养液主要成分含量,并研究了不同类型与浓度营养液对白灵菇菌丝及子实体生长的影响,以期为白灵菇的高产栽培技术提供参考依据。结果表明:与常规PDA培养基相比,适量加入白玉菇菇根提取液可提高白灵菇菌丝生长速度;添加外援营养液对子实体的农艺性状影响不大,对产量有一定的促进作用,其中施用香菇菇根提取液的白灵菇子实体产量最高,小区总产量与对照相比提高了54.6%。施用香菇菇根提取液后对白灵菇子实体中的硝酸盐含量及蛋白质含量有提升的效果,但对亚硝酸盐及粗纤维含量无促增长的效果。     

黑沙蒿根系抗拉特性及其与化学成分的关联性

[目的] 探讨根系抗拉特性与主要化学成分含量的关联性，以期充实根系固土力学特性研究以及提供矿区生态恢复和植物保护的理论支持。[方法] 以神东矿区广泛分布的多年生灌木黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）为研究对象，利用TY8000伺服式强力机，研究1~4 mm径级直根段、含侧根分支处根段抗拉材料的力学特性并测定各径级的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素，研究根系材料力学及其与化学成分的关联性。[结果] ①随着根系直径增加，黑沙蒿直根段、含侧根分支处根段抗拉力增加，而抗拉强度和杨氏模量减小，且抗拉力、抗拉强度和杨氏模量都与根系直径呈幂函数关系。②直根段、含侧根分支处根段化学成分含量差异显著（p<0.05），平均化学成分含量为：半纤维素（31.69%，32.18%） > 木质素（28.42%，25.30%） > 纤维素（15.50%，15.35%）。③随着根系直径增加，直根段纤维素含量减小，半纤维素和木质素含量增加，而含侧根分支处根段纤维素含量减小，半纤维素和木质素含量无变化。④直根段抗拉强度、杨氏模量与纤维素极显著正相关（p<0.01），与半纤维素、木质素极显著负相关（p<0.01）。含侧根分支处根段抗拉强度、杨氏模量与纤维素极显著正相关（p<0.01），与半纤维素、木质素无相关性。[结论] 黑沙蒿根系抗拉特性与化学成分表现出一定的相关性，且纤维素是影响灌木根系材料力学特性的主要化学组分。