气候变化情景下流苏香竹潜在分布区预测

流苏香竹（Chimonocalamus fimbriatus）是云南特有珍稀竹种，主要分布于云南西南部。文章以野外调查获取的流苏香竹分布信息为主，运用最大熵模型（MaxEnt）同时结合地理信息系统（ArcGIS），基于19个气候因子，预测其在当前及未来气候变化情景下的潜在分布区。结果表明：当前流苏香竹的高适生区和中适生区主要分布于德宏州、保山市和临沧市等地，除迪庆州、丽江市和昭通市外，云南其他区域均有低适生区零星分布。在未来2050s和2070s的2个时间段，基于2种不同共享社会经济路径（SSP1-2.6和SSP5-8.5），流苏香竹的高适生区面积呈减少的趋势，尤其是SSP5-8.5路径下，高适生区面积仅为当前的12.51%（2050s）和18.63%（2070s）；中、低适生区在SSP1-2.6路径下，显著扩张（2050s）或略微扩张（2070s），在SSP5-8.5路径下，则大幅收缩。流苏香竹野外实际分布区及其潜在分布区均以斑块状为主，可能与云南特殊的地形、地貌有关。影响流苏香竹分布的主导气候因子为最湿月份降水量、最暖月份最高温度、最干季度降水量和平均气温日较差。流苏香竹对气候变化比较敏感，根据其野外分布状况，建议以就地保护为主、迁地保护为辅，在其潜在适生区内适当引种栽培。     

不同地下水埋深土壤水分入渗规律研究

【目的】分析农田土水势的分布对作物的生长状况和农田水分循环的影响。【方法】采用观测室内层状长土柱(土柱长L=335 cm)在上边界条件为薄层积水、下边界控制不同地下水埋深时的水分入渗及蒸发过程的试验,分析了不同地下水埋深时土水势与零通量面的变化特征。【结果】入渗率随时间总的变化趋势是减小,入渗率随时间的变化一般经历3个阶段:迅速减小、缓慢减小和稳定阶段;累积入渗量随时间增加,与时间呈幂拟合关系;入渗初始阶段湿润锋运移速率较快,之后随着时间的推移,湿润锋运移速率逐渐减小,至某一时间后趋于稳定。【结论】湿润锋运移距离与时间的平方根呈线性关系     

半干旱牧区天然打草场生产力时空变化及对气候响应分析

【目的】 定量评估半干旱牧区天然打草场的生产能力,分析天然打草场的退化程度,明确气候因子对打草场生长过程的影响。【方法】 利用Miami和Tharnthwaite Memorial模型计算2000—2017年半干旱牧区天然打草场气候生产潜力,并结合近18年的中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）净初级生产力（NPP）产品（MOD17A2H）进行分析。【结果】 2000—2017年半干旱牧区天然打草场实际生产力与潜在生产力均随降水增加呈上升趋势,天然打草场18年平均实际生产力和潜在生产力分别为295.24和557.79 g C·m^-2·a^-1。按不同草地类型分析,气候生产潜力与实际生产潜力均以草甸草原最高,分别为589.68 g C·m^-2·a^-1和349.78 g C·m^-2·a^-1,山地草甸的气候生产潜力最低,为518.72 g C·m^-2·a^-1,而实际生产潜力以典型草原最低,仅为269.52 g C·m^-2·a^-1。从变异系数来分析,气候生产潜力与实际生产力均以草甸草原最稳定。从年际变化率分析,草甸草原的气候生产潜力的上升速率最高,为6.30 g C·m^-2·a^-1,实际生产力以山地草甸上升速率最高,为4.44 g C·m^-2·a^-1。实际生产力对降水的响应高于温度,其中95.88%的打草场与降水呈显著正相关关系,与温度呈负相关的区域仅占总面积的5.70%,且不同草地类型的实际生产力均与降水在P<0.001水平呈显著正相关关系。【结论】 天然打草场气候生产潜力呈由西向东递增的地带性规律,而实际生产力受水热条件的影响,以大兴安岭为中心向东西两麓逐渐递减,其对降水的响应高于温度,水分条件是该区植被生长的限制因子;年均气候资源利用率的分布规律与实际生产力相同,平均气候资源利用率为55.09%;以草甸草原打草场的气候资源利用率最高,高达60.34%,同时也是退化速度最高的草地类型。     

Weed seedling emergence in contrasting fodder crop systems following 30 years of cultivation in the lowlands of Northern Italy

Five fodder crop systems of different intensity (ranging from a double annual crop of Italian ryegrass + silage maize to a permanent meadow) were adopted for 30 years in the lowlands of Northern Italy under two input levels, differing mainly in their provision of organic fertiliser (manure). Herbicides were used in the maize crops included in all systems, except the meadow. After 30 years, the weed seedbank of all systems and input levels were assessed by the seedling emergence technique on soil samples from each plot. The cropping systems determined the abundance and composition of the weed assembly. Relatively few, frequent species made up the majority of the emerged seedlings in all systems, and there was no relationship between the total number of emerged seedlings and the mean number of species recorded in the different systems. Arabidopsis thaliana and Oxalis corniculata were abundant in the annual double crop and in the 3- and 6-year rotations that also comprised the annual double crop. These weeds, however, were unlikely to represent a major threat to the crops, due to their vigour and growth period. The permanent meadow tended to greater weed biodiversity than the other systems. The application of manure favoured the seedbank of species such as Lolium multiflorum, Digitaria sanguinalis and A. thaliana. Weed communities in the different systems were mainly determined by herbicide application, (through the ability of weeds to avoid its effects, determined by the weed life history and emergence period) and manure application (with its possible dual effect of spreading weed seeds and favouring nitrogen-responsive weeds).     

沙漠蝗生物学特性及防治技术研究进展

历史记载中,沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria(Forsk.,1775)主要在北非发生,对当地农作物构成严重威胁。大规模发生时,可向西亚等地继续扩散为害。2020年初沙漠蝗在巴基斯坦、印度大量发生,肆虐为害,对粮食安全和生态安全构成了严重威胁。因其具有迁飞性,周边多个国家面临重大入侵风险。因本次沙漠蝗发生规模与破坏程度堪比1985年非洲蝗灾,2020年2月11日,联合国粮农组织(FAO)向全球发布预警:"高度戒备正在肆虐的蝗灾,防止被入侵国家出现粮食危机"。本文介绍了沙漠蝗分类地位、形态学特征,概述了沙漠蝗生物学特性、监测预警与防治技术研究进展,为科学防控沙漠蝗提供理论支撑。     

LED补光组合对大棚越橘生长发育的影响

以2年生南高丛越橘‘Emerald’为材料，以大棚内自然光作为对照，研究LED光源的红蓝光（3︰1和6︰1）、紫外光（UVA）对植株长势、叶片光合作用、碳氮代谢、开花基因表达及开花率、果实品质的影响。结果表明：红蓝光组合处理下‘Emerald’的植株营养生长较旺盛，株高、1年生枝条长度和粗度显著高于对照。此外，红蓝光（6︰1）处理下叶片的叶绿素相对含量、比叶重和净光合速率均显著提高。红蓝光组合也可诱导植株开花，开花基因FT表达量和开花率明显高于对照。紫外光下叶片的氮含量、开花率及FT基因表达量显著高于对照。不同光质组合补光对‘Emerald’的果实品质有显著影响，红蓝光（3︰1）处理下果实的质量、横纵径、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、花青素含量和糖酸比均高于对照。总之，不同光质补光会促进越橘‘Emerald’的生长发育，红蓝光6︰1组合对促进营养生长作用相对较大，红蓝光3︰1组合对提高果实品质效果较好。紫外光虽能改变植株形态和促进开花，但果实品质提高效果较红蓝光处理稍弱。     

不同栽培模式下草莓脱毒苗与常规苗对生长和结果影响的比较

以‘红颜’‘章姬’2个草莓品种脱毒苗和常规苗为试材,比较脱毒苗与常规苗在植物学生长特性和果实抗病性方面的表现,以期为上海地区草莓优质种苗的繁育、母苗选择、育苗方式的选择提供科学指导。结果表明:脱毒苗在炼苗期叶片病虫害发生率控制在0%~6%。在相同栽培模式下,‘红颜’脱毒苗的生长势较常规苗株高、冠径、单株匍匐茎和单株花序分别增加了8.40 cm、1.70 cm、1.75条、1.77个;‘章姬’脱毒苗的生长势较常规苗株高、冠径、单株匍匐茎和单株花序分别增加了3.89 cm、0.74 cm、1.60条、1.10个。同时‘红颜’脱毒苗定植后果实病害发生率从常规苗的17.33%降低到脱毒苗的2.66%;‘章姬’脱毒苗定植后果实病害发生率从常规苗的13.33%降低到0%。不同栽培模式下繁苗,‘红颜’脱毒苗在单层X支架式栽培下生长势较单层单列式栽培模式下株高、冠径和单株匍匐茎数目分别增加了6.10 cm、2.48 cm与2.77条。‘红颜’‘章姬’脱毒苗比常规苗在繁苗期生长势更旺盛,‘红颜’脱毒苗在生产时期果实病害发生率比常规苗极显著性降低,‘红颜’脱毒苗采用常规地垄式栽培比立架栽培植株生长势和繁苗率高。     

干旱胁迫对锦灯笼种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

以锦灯笼种子为试材,用3%、5%、8%和10%4个浓度的PEG-6000溶液模拟不同的干旱胁迫条件,研究锦灯笼种子萌发情况和幼苗生理特性,以期了解其抗旱性。结果表明:1)随着PEG-6000浓度的加大,锦灯笼种子的发芽率和发芽势先增加后减少,浓度为5%时最大,株高也是在胁迫浓度为5%时达到最高,这说明一定程度的干旱胁迫可以促进种子萌发及幼苗生长。2)丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量和电导率随着PEG-6000浓度的增加表现为持续上升的趋势,过氧化物酶(POD)活性则呈现先上升后降低的趋势。     

Gastrointestinal motility modulation by stress is associated with reduced smooth muscle contraction through specific transient receptor potential channel

Excessive stress response causes disability in social life. There are many diseases caused by stress, such as gastrointestinal motility disorders, depression, eating disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels underlie non-selective cation currents and are downstream effectors of G protein-coupled receptors. Ca²⁺ influx is important for smooth muscle contraction, which is responsible for gastrointestinal motility. Little is known about the possible involvement of TRP channels in the gastrointestinal motility disorders due to stress. The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in gastrointestinal motility caused by stress and to elucidate the mechanism of these changes. The stress model used the water immersion restraint stress. Gastrointestinal motility, especially the ileum, was recorded responses to electric field stimulation (EFS) by isometric transducer. EFS-induced contraction was significantly reduced in the ileum of stressed mouse. Even under the conditions treated with atropine, EFS-induced contraction was significantly reduced in the ileum of stressed mouse. In addition, carbachol-induced, neurokinin A-induced, and substance P-induced contractions were all significantly reduced in the ileum of stressed mouse. Furthermore, the expression of TRPC3 was decreased in the ileum of stressed mouse. These results suggest that the gastrointestinal motility disorders due to stress is associated with specific non-selective cation channel.     

宁夏地区潜在蒸散发变化特征及成因分析

根据宁夏地区1962-2017年11个国家级气象站的逐日气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith公式计算宁夏地区潜在蒸散发(Potential evapotranspiration,ET₀)日值系列,采用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall突变检验、ArcGIS反距离权重空间插值、敏感性分析和贡献率等方法对宁夏地区ET₀时空变化特征及影响因素进行分析.结果表明:宁夏地区1962-2017年多年平均ET₀为1 073 mm,其中,中部干旱带最高(1 135 mm),引黄灌区次之(1 095 mm),南部山区最低(893 mm); 宁夏地区ET₀在1986年发生了突变,突变前以0.571 mm/a的幅度下降,突变后以0.109 mm/a的幅度递增,整个周期内,以0.523 mm/a 幅度递增,但变化幅度均不显著.ET₀对不同区域气象要素的敏感性不同,引黄灌区和中部干旱带对最高温度最敏感,敏感性系数分别为0.41和0.43,南部山区为相对湿度(-0.45); 不同气象要素对ET₀的贡献率不同,引黄灌区和南部山区主导因子是最低温度,中部干旱带是平均风速.突变前后,对引黄灌区、中部干旱带和南部山区ET₀贡献率最高的气象要素分别由平均风速、相对湿度和最低温度,变为相对湿度、平均风速和最低温度.