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苹果切片干燥收缩变形的孔道网络模拟及试验   总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0  
为揭示果蔬干燥收缩变形的传热传质与应力应变的机理,确定果蔬微孔结构特性及内部毛细力等因素对其干燥过程的影响,该研究运用孔道网络方法、热质传递原理和细观力学理论等交叉学科知识,构建了孔隙尺度下果蔬切片干燥收缩变形的孔道网络模型,采用VC++开发孔道网络求解程序,模拟分析了果蔬切片的湿分场、温度场以及应力应变场等情况,并以苹果切片作为果蔬典型代表进行了热风干燥试验及模型验证。结果表明:湿含量、温度和收缩变形率的模拟值与试验值的相对误差小于10%,模型可有效模拟果蔬干燥热质传递与应力应变的收缩变形真实过程,再现了干燥过程中的"非规则收缩变形"现象;孔道网络模拟的湿分场、温度场及应力应变场均呈现为不规则非对称变化规律,产生了明显的干斑、湿斑、非规则干燥前沿等;毛细应力和湿应力对果蔬干燥收缩变形影响较大,其中毛细应力是引起非规则收缩变形的主导因素;孔隙结构参数对果蔬干燥过程影响显著;孔隙率越大,干燥时间越长,毛细应力越小;配位数越大,毛细应力越大,干燥时间越长;孔隙直径分布呈现均一直径分布规律的物料产生的毛细应力大,其次为孔隙直径分布呈现正态分布规律的物料和试验物料分布。研究结果为果蔬干燥品质及工艺优化分析提供了一定的理论基础。  相似文献   
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利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、压汞法(MIP)、快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM)等手段,研究了偏高岭土(MK)掺量对高强机制砂混凝土抗压强度以及抗氯离子渗透性能的影响.研究发现: 掺入MK能够有效改善高强机制砂混凝土的力学性能和抗氯离子渗透性能:随MK掺量增加,抗压强度与抗氯离子渗透性能均呈先增大后减小的趋势,最佳MK掺量为8%,此时28 d抗压强度为98.5 MPa,较基准组增加13%,氯离子迁移系数为1.89×10-12 m2/s,较基准组减小60%.微观结构试验表明适宜的偏高岭土掺量能够有效促进水泥水化;偏高岭土颗粒的晶核效应和微集料填充效应协同作用,使得机制砂混凝土的微观结构更加均匀密实,机制砂混凝土的多害孔、有害孔减少,少害孔增加,从而提高了机制砂混凝土抗压强度和抗氯离子渗透性能.  相似文献   
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The elevated presence of metal(loid)s in the environment significantly impacts ecosystems and human health and is generally largely due to industrial and mining activities. Thus, in the current study, we investigated and proposed an environmentally friendly method (phytomanagement) aimed at reducing the negative impacts associated with metal(loid) pollution through the use of soil amendments (biochar and compost) to permit Ailanthus altissima growth on a highly contaminated mining Technosol, with arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) contents of 539.06 and 11 453 mg kg-1, respectively. The objective was to examine the impacts of three biochars and compost on i) the physicochemical characteristics of soil, ii) metal(loid) immobilization in soil, and iii) A. altissima growth. We revealed that the application of biochar as a soil amendment improved soil conditions by increasing soil electrical conductivity, pH, and water-holding capacity. Moreover, concomitantly, we observed a large reduction (99%) in Pb mobility and availability following application of the hardwood biochar in combination with compost (HBCP). Thus, this combined soil amendment was most effective in promoting A. altissima growth. In addition, the HBCP treatment prevented As translocation in the upper parts of plants, although soil pore water As concentration was not diminished by amendment application.  相似文献   
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【目的】研究不同年轮沙柳(Salix psammophila)材的孔隙结构、微纤丝角和纤维素结晶度,为更合理、有效地利用沙柳资源提供依据。【方法】以取自内蒙古鄂尔多斯沙地的3年生沙柳为研究对象,利用氮气吸附法(NAD)研究不同年轮处沙柳木材的孔隙结构,并用X射线衍射(XRD)测定不同年轮处沙柳木材的微纤丝角和纤维素结晶度。【结果】从髓心到树皮的3个年轮处沙柳木材的比表面积逐渐增大,分别为0.54,0.68和1.81m2/g;孔体积逐渐增大,分别为0.002,0.468和1.560cm3/g,大多数孔隙的直径为2~10nm;而微纤丝角逐渐减小,分别为14.35°,12.17°和10.71°;纤维素结晶度从第1年轮到第3年轮略有增加,分别为48.15%,49.23%和49.58%。【结论】靠近树皮的沙柳材具有较大的比表面积、孔体积、纤维素结晶度和较小的微纤丝角,是制取纤维素材料和生物质能源的较好原材料。  相似文献   
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Soil salinization may negatively affect microbial processes related to carbon dioxide(CO_2) and nitrous oxide(N_2O) emissions. A short-term laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soil electrical conductivity(EC) and moisture content on CO_2 and N_2O emissions from sulfate-based natural saline soils. Three separate 100-m long transects were established along the salinity gradient on a salt-affected agricultural field at Mooreton, North Dakota, USA. Surface soils were collected from four equally spaced sampling positions within each transect, at the depths of 0–15 and 15–30 cm. In the laboratory, artificial soil cores were formed combining soils from both the depths in each transect, and incubated at 60% and 90% water-filled pore space(WFPS) at 25?C. The measured depth-weighted EC of the saturated paste extract(EC_e) across the sampling positions ranged from 0.43 to 4.65 dS m~(-1). Potential nitrogen(N) mineralization rate and CO_2 emissions decreased with increasing soil EC_e, but the relative decline in soil CO_2 emissions with increasing ECe was smaller at 60% WFPS than at 90% WFPS. At 60% WFPS, soil N_2O emissions decreased from 133 μg N_2O-N kg~(-1) soil at EC_e 0.50 dS m~(-1) to 72 μg N_2O-N kg~(-1) soil at EC_e = 4.65 dS m~(-1). In contrast, at 90% WFPS,soil N_2O emissions increased from 262 μg N_2O-N kg~(-1) soil at EC_e = 0.81 dS m~(-1) to 849 μg N_2O-N kg~(-1) soil at EC_e = 4.65 dS m~(-1), suggesting that N_2O emissions were linked to both soil ECe and moisture content. Therefore, spatial variability in soil EC_e and pattern of rainfall over the season need to be considered when up-scaling N_2O and CO_2 emissions from field to landscape scales.  相似文献   
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Soil pore size distribution(SPSD) is one of the most important soil physical properties. This research investigated the relationships of location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves with plant-available water(PAW) and least limiting water range(LLWR) of the light-textured soils at the Torogh Agricultural Research Station in north-eastern Iran. Soil moisture release curve(SMRC), PAW and LLWR in matric heads of 100 and 330 h Pa for the field capacity and location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves of 30 soils with different texture and organic carbon contents were determined, and the variable relationships were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the median equivalent pore diameter(de), mean de, standard deviation(SD*), and skewness of the SPSD curves were significantly correlated with PAW(PAW330) and LLWR(LLWR330) measured in a matric head of 330 h Pa. Decrease in deand increase in the diversity of soil pore size(SD*) increased PAW330 and LLWR330. The SD* values of all the soil samples were lower than the optimal ranges suggested in literature. Neither PAW nor LLWR values were significantly different in the soils with the optimal modal deand those with non-optimal modal de. Optimal values of median and mean equivalent pore diameters and kurtosis of SPSD curves led to a significant improvement of PAW330 and LLWR330 as soil physical quality indicators. It was recommended to revise the optimal ranges for SD* and modal defor future studies.  相似文献   
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以7个杜仲无性系22-22、2-23、4-30、17-17、2-32、6-30、5-152和2个对照品种(无性系)秦仲2号(Qinzhong No.2)、龙拐(Longguai)为对象,以其2年生嫁接苗成熟叶片为材料,采用常规石蜡切片法研究叶片解剖结构、扫描电镜技术观察气孔结构和压力室技术测定水分生理指标,用主成分分析法筛选主要指标,用隶属函数法对各无性系抗旱性进行对比分析。结果表明,共筛选出栅栏组织厚度、原初渗透势、气孔开度、厚角组织厚度4项主要指标,12项解剖结构参数、5项水分生理指数和5项气孔参数,均在无性系间差异显著,无性系抗旱性排序为:6-30>4-30>龙拐>秦仲2号>17-17>5-152>22-22>2-23>2-32。研究结果可对进一步筛选杜仲优良无性系提供参考依据。  相似文献   
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