乳化油节能降污与柴油机结构参数关系的研究

为了考察N4 85Q柴油机燃用 12 %乳化油的节能降污效果 ,本文设计了结构参数静态供油提前角和喷油压力的二因素二次正交回归旋转试验。建立了燃油消耗率与这两个参数的回归方程。利用外点惩罚函数法对回归方程进行优化 ,得出最佳的结构参数。最后绘出了柴油机在最佳结构参数下 ,燃用 12 %乳化油的节油率和降烟率曲线。     

丹江口水源涵养区绿色高效农业技术创新集成与示范——模式设计、技术集成与机制创新

2017年5月，中国农业科学院科技创新工程协同创新任务“丹江口水源涵养区绿色高效农业技术创新集成与示范”正式启动。项目在农业绿色高效生产、种养耦合、生态循环、面源污染控制、多功能田园生态系统构建等方面开展协同创新。按照单一技术规范化、复合技术集成化、体系技术系统化的思路，任务创新集成水源涵养区生物多样性利用与农业种植结构调整、主要农产品全产业链绿色高效生产、种养循环新模式、生态型高效设施农业、农村生活污染物控制等环节的十大关键技术，总结形成一套水源涵养区绿色高效农业全域综合性的技术解决方案，可为其他同类地区提供可复制、可推广的经验、模式和示范样板，为保障南水北调水质安全，推动水源涵养区农业绿色发展、农民增收及区域脱贫攻坚提供有效的科技支撑。     

温度对住宅区气体污染物扩散的影响

温度在气体污染物扩散的过程中起一定的作用。在现实生活中,由于日晒和地表辐射的存在,使得地面、建筑物外表面都与空气存在一定的温差。温差的存在会改变地表及壁面附近的流场,从而对住宅区污染物的扩散产生影响。利用理论推导对热力因素及扩散因素的关系进行了研究,并且与数值模拟的试验结果进行比较。结果发现理论推导与试验结果整体趋势相一致。这表明在与无温差情况相比较,温差存在时,地表及壁面附近流场更加紊乱;温差与气体污染物的扩散具有正相关性,对住宅区污染物的稀释起积极作用。     

多源沉积物对地表水中磷铜锌浓度的影响

受多来源沉积物污染影响的水体中可溶性P,Cu,Zn实际浓度常明显低于按各自沉积物的比例与释放量计算的理论值。沉积物之间的性质差异越大,实际测定值与计算值之间的差异也越大。多来源沉积物水体中可溶性P,Cu,Zn的浓度主要受P,Cu,Zn释放能力最强或对P,Cu,Zn吸持能力最强的沉积物比例控制。     

Aspects of phytoremediation of organic pollutants

Phytoremediation is a quite novel technique to clean polluted soils using plants. In theory, phytoremediation methods are cheap, are accepted by the public and, compared to physical or chemical approaches, are ecologically advantageous. Until today, however, there are only a few examples of successful applications. One reason is that the processes involved are complex, and a full clean up may require many years. Plants affect the water balance of a site, they change redox potential and pH, and stimulate microbial activity of the soil. These indirect influences may accelerate degradation in the root zone or reduce leaching of compounds to groundwater. Compounds taken up into plants may be metabolised, accumulated, or volatilised into air. Based on these processes, several phytoremediation methods have been developed: Phytoextraction, rhizofiltra-tion, phytostabilisation, rhizo and phytodegradation, pump and tree, land farming, phytovolatilisation, hydraulic control and more. Already in use are plants (and here willow, poplar and grass) for the degradation of petroleum products, aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX), chlorinated solvents, explosives and cyanides. However, phytotoxicity and pollutant mass balances were rarely documented. Often, the success of the projects was not controlled, and only estimates can be made about the applicability and the potential of phytoremediation. This lack of experience about possibilities and limitations seems to be a hindrance for a broader use of these techniques.     

根-土界面的微生态过程与有机污染物的环境行为研究

土壤-植物系统是地球生态系统中与人类生存与健康关系最为密切的亚系统。该系统中有机污染物的运移必须历经根-土界面多层次的微生态过程的控制。这些微生态过程涉及到系统中许多生物、生物化学和物理化学反应机理,与土壤中污染物迁移转化及其归宿等环境行为具有密切的关系。理解这些微生态过程及其对有机污染物环境行为的影响,对提高作物生长、改善土壤环境质量和提高农产品品质安全具有直接的理论和实践指导意义。     

长江三角洲地区污泥中多环芳烃的污染研究

To ascertain the contaminated conditions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in sludge and to evaluate the risk of application of this sludge for agricultural purposes, 44 sludge samples obtained from 15 cities in the Yangtze River Delta area of China were investigated using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS） after ultrasonic extraction and silica gel cleanup. PAHs＇ contents ranged from 0.0167 to 15.4860 mg kg^-1 （dry weight, DW） and averaged 1.376 mg kg^-1, with most samples containing 〈 1.5 mg kg^-1. Pyrene （PY）, fluoranthene （FL）, benzo[b]fluoranthene （BbF）, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene （IND）, benzo[a]pyrene （B[a]P）, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene （BghiP） were the most dominant compounds, ranging from 0.1582 to 0.2518 mg kg^-1. Single PAH, such as naphthalene （NAP, 2-benzene rings）, phenanthrene （PA, 3-benzene rings）, PY （4-benzene rings）, and FL （3-benzene rings）, had high detection rates （76.1%-93.5%）. The distribution patterns of PAHs were found to vary with the sludge samples; however, the patterns showed that a few compounds with 2- and 3-benzene rings were commonly found in the samples, whereas those with 4-, 5-, and 6-benzene rings were usually less commonly found. All the 44 sludge samples were within the B[a]P concentration limit for sludge applied to agricultural land in China （〈 3.0 rag kg^-1）. The probable sources of PAH contamination in the sludge samples were petroleum, petroleum products, and combustion of liquid and solid fuel. The concentrations and distributions of the 16 PAHs in sludge were related to sludge type, source, and treatment technology, together with the physicochemical properties.     

Changes in the chemical composition of water percolating through the soil profile in a moderately polluted catchment

Throughfall (TF), stemflow (SF), soil solution below the organic layer (SS_org) and at 50 cm depth (SS₅₀), and output with stream water (SW) were measured and analyzed for four years in a moderately polluted forest catchment in southern Poland. The input of water with stemflow was ca. 6% of input with TF. However, due to higher concentrations of most ions in SF, the input of most elements with SF was from 8% to 9%. Sulphate (SO₄ ^2–), chloride (Cl^–) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) were the only ions steadily increasing in concentrations in water percolating through the soil profile. Nitrogen reached the forest floor mainly as ammonium (NH₄ ⁺). In the soil organic layer the NH₄ ⁺ concentration decreased, while concentrations of nitrate (NO₃ ^–) and hydrogen (H⁺) increased, probably due to nitrification. For NO₃ ^–, sodium (Na⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺), the highest concentrations were found in SS_org and SW. This indicates both efficient cycling in the biotic pool of the ecosystem and intensive weathering processes in the mineral soil below the plant rooting zone. The latter was especially pronounced for Mg and Ca. Concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were the highest in SS_org and SS₅₀. As this was accompanied by a low pH and constant input of H⁺, NH₄ ⁺ and heavy metal ions to the catchment area, it may pose a serious threat to forest health.     

超声波技术在果蔬加工中的应用

超声波技术已经在现代工业的各个领域得到了广泛的应用,家用型超声波清洗设备也已经在市场上出现,但仍然存在除垢效果不理想、灭菌和降解农药残留不彻底等问题。为了对新型超声波清洗的设计提供理论支持,主要介绍了超声波的清洗原理和特点,并简述和分析了超声波技术在清洗、灭菌和降解有机污染物方面的应用现状,以期为后续产品的研发提供帮助。     

大气沉降对我国土壤中污染分布及元素循环的影响

大气沉降是污染物进入土壤的重要途径,也是土壤中污染物的主要来源。同时,大气沉降和土壤元素循环息息相关。本文综述了大气沉降对我国土壤中污染物分布以及元素循环的影响。结果表明,重金属沉降依赖于长期的干湿混合沉降,有机污染物沉降依赖于干沉降,氮硫磷等元素的沉降依赖于湿沉降。同时,季风和人为活动会影响大气污染物的迁移和沉降。本文的结论为污染物大气沉降的防控和土壤污染治理提供了思路。