磁场对柴胡种子萌发及幼苗抗逆性的影响

研究不同强度、不同作用时间的磁场处理对柴胡种子萌发及幼苗抗逆性的影响,为柴胡人工栽培提供科学依据。采用双层滤纸培养法,将处理后的柴胡种子置于25℃恒温40%光照的培养箱中培养,观察柴胡种子的发芽率、发芽势、株高,测定幼苗幼叶中叶绿素含量、CAT、POD、SOD酶活性。多数经磁场处理的柴胡种子发芽率、发芽势及幼叶中的CAT、POD、SOD活性高于对照,100 mT 55 min处理的发芽率、POD、SOD活性最高。柴胡种子放置时间越长,种子活力越低。适当的磁场处理,能显著促进柴胡种子的萌发,提高柴胡幼苗的抗逆性,对柴胡的人工栽培有一定的指导意义。     

酵母浸膏对北柴胡种子萌发的影响及评价

以北柴胡种子为试验材料,分别以0.5％、1.0％、1.5％和2.0％的酵母浸膏液对北柴胡种子进行浸种,在种子萌发过程中测定相关的生理生化指标,探讨酵母浸膏液对北柴胡种子萌发的影响.含水量的测定采用烘干减重法,体积的测定采用排水法,可溶性糖含量的测定采用蒽酮比色法,蛋白质含量的测定采用考马斯亮蓝-G 250染色法,氨基酸含量的测定采用茚三酮显色法;利用隶属函数法对各项指标进行综合评价.结果表明:北柴胡种子在萌发过程中,种子内含水量的变化和其体积的变化呈一定的相关性,都是呈先下降后上升再缓慢增加的趋势;可溶性糖含量的变化呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势;蛋白质含量整体呈先急剧下降后上升再缓慢下降的趋势;氨基酸含量整体呈先上升后下降的趋势.综合各项指标进行综合评价,酵母浸膏液浸种对北柴胡种子的萌发具有明显的促进作用,其中以1.0％酵母浸膏液浸种效果最佳.     

分葱对黄瓜、萝卜和白菜的化感作用

以黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.），萝卜（Raphanus sativus L.）和白菜（Brassica chinensis L.）3种蔬菜作物为受体，通过种子萌发试验及幼苗生长试验，对分葱（Allium fistulosum L.var.caespitosum Makino）根系及其地上部水浸液的化感作用进行了初步研究。结果表明：分葱根系和地上部水浸液对黄瓜、萝卜和白菜具有一定的化感作用。对黄瓜和萝卜的萌发有一定的抑制作用，而对其幼苗生长有一定的促进作用；对白菜的萌发表现为低浓度促进高浓度抑制，而对其幼苗生长有一定的抑制作用。因此，在蔬菜栽培制度中，分葱可与黄瓜和萝卜进行合理的轮作与间套作；但可能不适宜与白菜进行轮作或间套作。     

Genetic mapping of AFLP markers in Japanese bunching onion (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium fistulosum</Emphasis>)

Summary The first genetic linkage map of Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum) based primarily on AFLP markers was constructed using reciprocally backcrossed progenies. They were 120 plants each of (P₁)BC₁ and (P₂)BC₁ populations derived from a cross between single plants of two inbred lines: D1s-15s-22 (P₁) and J1s-14s-20 (P₂). Based on the (P₂)BC₁ population, a linkage map of P₁ was constructed. It comprises 164 markers – 149 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), 2 cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPSs), and 12 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from Japanese bunching onion, and 1 SSR from bulb onion (A. cepa) – on 15 linkage groups covering 947 centiMorgans (cM). The linkage map of P₂ was constructed with the (P₁)BC₁ population and composed of 120 loci – 105 AFLPs, 1 CAPS, and 13 SSRs developed from Japanese bunching onion and 1 SSR from bulb onion – on 14 linkage groups covering 775 cM. Both maps were not saturated but were considered to cover the majority of the genome. Nine linkage groups in P₂ map were connected with their counterparts in P₁ map using co-dominant anchor markers, 13 SSRs and 1 CAPS.     

The long and winding road leading to the successful introgression of downy mildew resistance into onion

Downy mildew resistance originating from Allium roylei Stearn provides a complete resistance to onions and is based on one, dominant gene. Since A. roylei can successfully be hybridized with onion (A. cepa L.), a breeding scheme aimed at the introgression of this gene was initiated ca. 20 years ago. Several setbacks in this programme were encountered, firstly the identified molecular marker linked to the downy mildew resistance locus became increasingly difficult to use and finally lost its discriminating power and secondly the final step, making homozygous introgression lines (ILs), turned out to be more difficult then was hoped. GISH analysis showed that the chromosomal region harbouring the resistance locus was the only remaining piece of A. roylei in the nuclear background of onion and it also confirmed that this region was located on the distal end of chromosome 3. It was hypothesized that some factor present in the remaining A. roylei region was lethal when homozygously present in an onion genetic background. The identification of an individual with a smaller and more distally located introgression fragment and homozygous ILs in its progeny validated this hypothesis. With the help of these nearly isogenic lines four AFLP^® markers closely linked to the resistance gene were identified, which can be used for marker-aided selection. The introduction of downy mildew resistance caused by Peronospora destructor into onion is a significant step forward in the development of environmentally-friendly onion cultivars.     

Geographical distribution of allozyme patterns in shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum Backer) and wakegi onion (A. × wakegi Araki)

Summary Shallot and wakegi were collected in the main islands of Indonesia, and in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand and Bangladesh. Five isozyme resolutions, phosphoglucomutase (PGM), glutamate oxaloacetate (GOT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), esterase (EST) and peroxidase (POX) were employed for demonstrating inter-and intraspecific differences. A dendrogram separated 189 collected accessions into 25 types of wakegi onion and 18 types of shallot. All accessions of Japan, Korea and Taiwan were determined to be wakegi onion, whereas those of Bangladesh, Malaysia and Thailand were shallot. Twenty-six out of 165 Indonesian accessions indicated wakegi onion distribution in Sumatra, West Java province and in Sulawesi Island. This confirmed that there is mixed-cultivation of the two Allium species with no distinction made between them. Japan and Indonesia had respectively 12 and eight unique types of wakegi onion, while Korea had only one type. West Java showed the most various type of wakegi onion, whereas East Java had many types of shallot. Shallots collected from Bangladesh were distinetly different from those of South East Asian types.     

Linkage of downy mildew resistance genes Pd 1 and Pd 2from Allium roylei Stearn in progeny of its interspecific hybrid with onion (A. cepa L.)

Summary Male meiosis of the interspecific hybrid between Allium roylei and A. cepa is undisturbed relative to its parents. Based on meiotic data, A. roylei is concluded to be a closer relative of A. cepa than A. fistulosum. Segregation ratios for downy mildew resistance among BC₁ and F₂ progenies from the F₁ between A. roylei and A. cepa indicate the presence of two dominantly inherited, weakly linked nuclear resistance genes, Pd ₁ and Pd ₂, in A. roylei (recombination frequency 0.32±0.03). Presumably Pd ₁ and Pd ₂are the first genes described in Allium residing in one linkage group. The prospects of exploiting A. roylei in onion breeding seem very promising.     

超声波-微波协同法提取分蘖葱头有机硫化合物的工艺优化及其组分分析

以分蘖葱头为试材,采用超声波-微波协同法提取有机硫化合物,进行分蘖葱头有机硫化合物工艺优化试验,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对提取物组分进行分离鉴定,以期为进一步研究和开发分蘖葱头功能组分提供参考依据。结果表明:最佳提取工艺为微波温度55℃、料液比1∶8 g·mL^-1、协同时间6 min、搅拌转速300 r·min^-1、超声波功率500 W,该条件下有机硫化合物得率为0.2771%±0.0023%。该条件得到15种有机硫化合物,含量较高的是噻吩类39.0678%±0.0043%,其次是三硫化合物14.1570%±0.0071%和硫醚类7.3872%±0.0052%,其中含量相对较高的有机硫化合物为2,4-二甲基噻吩、3,5-二乙基-1,2,4-三硫杂环戊烷、二烯丙基二硫醚。     

Neuroprotective effect of methanolic extracts of Allium cepa on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury

The present study is designed to investigate the effect of methanolic extract of outer scales and edible portions of Allium cepa bulb on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. Global cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 10 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Pretreatment with methanolic extract of outer scales (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) and edible portions (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) of A. cepa bulb markedly reduced cerebral infarct size and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. The protective effect of methanolic extract of outer scales and edible portions of A. cepa bulb was accompanied by a marked decrease in mitochondrial TBARS.     

逆境胁迫对红花檵木生长发育的影响

通过对红花檵木进行干旱、高温、低温、水涝、遮阴等胁迫处理,研究逆境胁迫对其生长发育的影响．结果表明:红花檵木耐干旱能力强,当出现干旱时叶片自我保护性萎蔫,在土壤含水率低至10．5%时,仍可生长;耐高温能力较强,在40℃时能正常生长,在45℃环境条件下安全生存;红花檵木较耐寒,在-14℃的低温下能安全越冬,根系的耐寒性强于枝叶,可推广到年最低气温为-14～-16℃的地区,低于-16℃要进行防冻处理;耐水涝能力很强,在滞水中能生存10～12d,流水中生存40d以上;红花檵木属中性偏阳性树种,光照度在2．0×10~4 lx以下时,生长不良,开花少,光照度大于5．0×10~4 lx时,生长发育正常．