热杀菌条件对NFC冬枣汁成分及抗氧化活性的影响研究

为了研究不同热杀菌条件对NFC冬枣汁理化性质、活性成分及抗氧化活性的影响,本文以冬枣为研究对象,设置了低温长时杀菌(75℃,5、10、15、20、25 min)和高温短时杀菌(90℃,0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00、1.50 min)两个处理,考察了NFC冬枣汁的可溶性固形物含量、pH值、总酸含量、VC含量、DPPH清除率、亚铁离子还原率等指标。研究结果表明,两种杀菌方式对NFC冬枣汁基本理化性质影响不显著(P>0.05)。相比于低温长时杀菌,高温短时杀菌的△E值更低,更能保持冬枣汁原有的色泽。两种杀菌处理后多酚、VC含量均显著降低(P<0.05),低温长时杀菌25 min后VC含量未检出,抗氧化活性也显著低于高温短时杀菌(P<0.05)。因此,通过对NFC冬枣汁品质变化的分析,发现高温短时杀菌能更好地保持原有的色泽和营养成分。     

不同施肥处理对马铃薯农田土壤理化性状及产量的影响

为了探究不同施肥处理对马铃薯农田土壤理化性状及产量的影响,试验地采用马铃薯连作模式,设置3个施肥处理,即：单施化肥(T)、有机肥配施化肥(YTF 1/2)、全量有机肥(YTF)。结果表明：在不同施肥处理下马铃薯农田土壤的理化性质和马铃薯产量发生了变化,其中变化最为明显的土壤指标有土壤容重、孔隙度、饱和导水率、有效磷。YTF处理较T处理可分别显著(P<0.05)降低土壤容重16.8%,增加土壤孔隙度12.7%,提升饱和导水率25.3%。YTF处理可显著提升土壤有效磷含量43.0%,但各处理间土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效钾之间差异并未达到显著水平。同时,较之T处理,YTF处理亦可显著提升土壤团聚体含量。YTF和YTF 1/2处理可分别较T处理提升马铃薯产量24.6%和12.8%。因此,施用有机肥不仅可以改善土壤结构,改良土壤物理性状,亦能促产增收。     

凤阳山不同林分土壤腐殖质特征及影响因素

以浙江省凤阳山海拔1 300~1 400 m处不同林分类型(阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、杉木林、竹林)为对象,测定不同土层土壤基本理化性质、酶活性及腐殖质质量分数,分析土壤腐殖质特征及影响因素,为凤阳山自然保护区的土壤肥力和可持续经营发展提供理论依据。结果表明:土壤腐殖质质量分数针阔混交林最高,阔叶混交林、竹林、杉木林次之;胡敏酸质量分数针阔混交林最高,杉木林最低;富里酸质量分数针阔混交林最高,竹林最低。除磷酸酶活性随土层加深无统一规律外,4种林分脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性及蔗糖酶活性土壤随土层加深皆呈现降低趋势。土壤pH值、土壤密度与土壤腐殖质质量分数、胡敏酸质量分数和富里酸质量分数均呈现显著的负相关;除磷酸酶活性相关性不显著外,土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙、非毛管孔隙与土壤腐殖质质量分数、胡敏酸质量分数和富里酸质量分数均呈现显著的正相关。凤阳山不同林分类型对土壤腐殖质特征的影响较土层深度更显著,土壤理化性质及酶活性与土壤腐殖质质量分数有着密切关系。     

Phosphorus fractions and dynamics as affected by land-use changes in the Central Mexican highlands

Land-use change from forest to agriculture in the volcanic ash-derived soils of Mexico has increased over recent decades. It is likely that land uses and management practices, particularly fertilizer use have affected phosphorus (P) distribution and availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of land-use types (native forest and maize mono-cropping), and the related P addition, on the forms and distribution of soil P and their isotopic exchangeability. An Andisol, sampled from a cropping site, along with the contiguous area under native forest was treated with ³²P-labelled potassium phosphate (KH₂³²PO₄). The soil samples were extracted after incubation times of 7, 21, 35 and 49 days. Phosphorus content and ³²P recovery in fractions sequentially extracted were assessed for each incubation time. Total soil P was dominated by inorganic fractions (79 to 86%) in both land-use types. Resin-Pi, bicarbonate extractable inorganic P (Bic-Pi) and sodium hydroxide extractable inorganic P (NaOH_0.1-Pi) were all raised with P addition. However, the proportion of organic P fraction was reduced under cropped soil. The recovery of ³²P in soils with P addition indicates that resin-Pi, Bic-Pi and NaOH_0.1-Pi comprised nearly all the exchangeable P. In native soils with no P addition, more than 19% of the ³²P was recovered in Bic-Po and NaOH_0.1-Po forms. This finding indicates that organic P cycling is crucial when soil Pi reserves are presented in an inadequate amount. Ecologically based management has to be designed for replenishment and succeeding maintenance of soil organic P compounds to increase sustainable agricultural production.     

‘72杨’韧皮部的构造与理化性能

将‘72杨’、杉木和毛竹的木质部进行对比试验,观察并测试‘72杨’韧皮部的解剖构造以及理化特性,为其高值化利用提供基础数据。使用场发射环境扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等设备和NREL标准对‘72杨’韧皮部的微观结构、结晶度、化学成分等物化性质进行测定与分析。研究结果表明,‘72杨’韧皮部中韧皮薄壁细胞和筛管分子占细胞总面积的(81.9±1.8)%,结构相对简单。‘72杨’韧皮部气干密度为0.358 g/cm3,绝干密度为0.321 g/cm3;而木质部的相应密度较高,分别为0.497和0.482 g/cm3;‘72杨’韧皮部结晶度仅为19.4%,比木质部低8.7%。‘72杨’韧皮部纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的含量分别为28.7%,11.1%,24.1%,均低于木质部中相应成分的含量,且木质化程度低,半纤维素以木糖为主。此外,由红外谱图发现‘72杨’韧皮部含有单宁、酚类、胼胝质等物质。‘72杨’韧皮部具有低密多孔、结构疏松、结晶度低、木质素含量低、抽提物含量高等特点。因此,‘72杨’韧皮部特别有利于机械(能耗低)或化学(抗降解屏障低)降解以及物化改性(多孔、可及性强),可提取酚类、单宁、胼胝质等物质用于工业应用,研究结果可为‘72杨’韧皮部的高值化利用提供重要的理论依据。     

木薯叶片厚度、蜡质含量和气孔密度与抗朱砂叶螨的关系

为明确不同木薯品种的叶片组织结构与抗朱砂叶螨的关系,通过对木薯田间螨害情况的调查,计算出感、抗性稳定的感螨品种华南101、华南124和抗螨品种华南7号、华南13号的螨害指数,同时对叶片的相关物理性状进行测定,分析了叶片厚度、蜡质含量和气孔密度与木薯抗朱砂叶螨的关系。结果表明:4份木薯种质华南101、华南124、华南7号和华南13号的螨害指数依次为89.2%、65.8%、38.3%和0.8%;木薯叶片厚度与螨害指数呈显著负相关;气孔密度与螨害指数呈显著正相关;蜡质含量与螨害指数无显著相关性。上述结果为深入探究木薯抗螨机制提供了初步的理论基础。     

松嫩草原盐碱土细菌多样性分析

以松嫩盐碱草原3种不同盐碱程度的盐碱土为材料,应用高通量测序技术,研究了3种不同程度盐碱土壤的细菌群落结构。结果表明:3种盐碱土的理化性质差异显著(P0.05),pH值、碱化度随着盐碱化程度增加而增大,而碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量随着盐碱化程度增加而降低;3种盐碱土共获得2841个OTU,分属于39个细菌门,其中酸杆菌门、变形菌门等10个菌门是盐碱土中最主要的细菌门类;轻度盐碱土中酸杆菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为32.28%,中度盐碱土中变形菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为19.87%,重度盐碱土中放线菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为22.57%;RDA分析表明,酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、广古菌门、TM7等的相对丰度与碱解氮、有机质以及速效钾含量呈正相关,疣微菌门的相对丰度与有效磷含量呈正相关,放线菌门、浮霉菌门、拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、厚壁菌门的相对丰度与pH值、碱化度呈正相关。     

Do cover crops change the lability of phosphorus in a clayey subtropical soil under different phosphate fertilizers?

Plants have developed different mechanisms to absorb and solubilize phosphorus (P) in the soil, especially in environments with low P availability. This study evaluated the effects of different winter cover crops on soil P availability in a clayey subtropical (Hapludox) soil receiving soluble P fertilizer and a rock phosphate applied to the summer crop, under no‐tillage. The experiment was carried out over 3 yrs (2009–2011) with five different cover crop species: common vetch, fodder radish, ryegrass, black oat, white clover and fallow as control. The soil was sampled after the third year of cover crop cultivation and analysed for inorganic and organic P forms according to the well‐established Hedley fractionation procedure. Phosphate fertilizers promoted accumulation of both labile and nonlabile P pools in soil in the near surface layer, especially under rock phosphate. Fertilizer applications were not able to change P fractions in deeper layers, emphasizing that the Brazilian clayey soils are a sink of P from fertilizer and its mobility is almost nil. Although the cover crops recycled a great amount of P in tissue, in a short‐term evaluation (3 yrs) they only changed the content of moderately labile P in soil, indicating that long‐term studies are needed for more conclusive results.     

种植年限对设施蔬菜土壤养分和环境的影响

为了给设施蔬菜地合理施肥提供依据,研究了不同种植年限设施蔬菜地土壤理化性质、微生物数量及酶活性变化,以露地土壤为对照(CK),采集种植1 a(年)、3 a、5 a、7 a、9 a、11 a、13 a、15 a、17 a、20 a以及20 a以上的0~20 cm设施蔬菜土壤样品,采用常规土壤理化性质检测方法测定了土壤理化性质和酶活性,采用平板计数法,分析土壤微生物数量。结果表明,设施菜地种植年限与土壤容重呈正相关,与土壤孔隙度呈负相关;设施菜地土壤pH值随种植年限的增加逐年降低,两者呈显著的负相关性;土壤EC值、土壤有机质和速效磷含量都随种植年限的增加而逐年增高,并与种植年限呈显著的正相关性;与CK相比,种植13 a的蔬菜样地土壤全氮和速效钾含量均显著地增加;连续种植20 a以上,设施蔬菜土壤含盐量比对照土壤显著地增加了486.49%。土壤细菌和放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,且都在种植年限为11~13 a时达到最大;真菌数量随着种植年限的增加而增加,而土壤脲酶活性则随种植年限的增加呈下降趋势;转化酶活性随着种植年限的增加保持不变。土壤微生物数量与酶活性之间存在一定程度的相关关系,其中土壤真菌数量与土壤酶活性之间的相关性最为显著。综上所述,种植年限不同的设施菜地,土壤养分失衡,呈现酸化趋势,盐分含量逐年增加,土传真菌病害潜在发生,对设施蔬菜生产不利。     

动态高压微射流对乌贼墨黑色素物理性质及微观结构的影响

为改善乌贼墨黑色素在食品中的应用性能,以虎斑乌贼(Sepia pharaonis)墨囊为原材料,采用碱性蛋白酶酶解制备乌贼墨黑色素,研究不同动态高压微射流(DHPM)(0、40、80、120、160、200 MPa)均质对其物理性质的影响,并采用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜分析其微观结构。结果表明,DHPM处理使乌贼墨黑色素聚集体解聚,浊度增加、平均粒径减小,粒度分布更加集中和细微化,同时改善了其在去离子水和生理盐水中的溶解性;在压力作用下表现为粘度、空间色度值均有所增大;差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析表明,乌贼墨黑色素在120 MPa下热变性温度为90.70℃,焓变值为0.45 J·g^-1,且该压力下其贮藏稳定性最好;红外光谱分析表明,在特定压力处理范围内,DHPM处理使乌贼墨黑色素分子间形成了较强的氢键;扫描电镜观察发现样品颗粒在120 MPa处理后颗粒尺寸最小。因此,DHPM改性技术改善了乌贼墨黑色素的物理性质和微观结构,为其在食品工业中的应用提供了理论依据。