兴安落叶松林下冻土中硒元素的分布规律研究

本文通过对我国典型寒温带兴安落叶松林区的原始林、皆伐林、原始湿地3种生态系统冻土中硒元素含量以及影响硒元素含量因素的研究,为了解大兴安岭林区兴安落叶松林(原始林、皆伐林)和原始湿地冻土中的养分状况,以及硒元素含量对兴安落叶松生长发育的影响提供资料。结论如下:①3种生态系统冻土中硒元素含量范围0.010mg/kg~0.208mg/kg,有机质含量范围14g/kg~240g/kg;②对冻土中硒元素含量的影响程度由大到小的因素为土壤层次、生态系统、坡向和坡位;③硒元素含量表层最高,向下含量逐渐减少;④3种生态系统硒元素含量由高到低的顺序为原始湿地、原始林、皆伐林,坡向和坡位对硒元素含量影响不显著。     

The Relationship Between Vegetation Characteristics and Altitudes in Transitional Permafrost Zone in Xidatan,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Many studies showed that permafrost has profound influence on alpine ecosystem. However, former researches were mainly focused on typical points by temporal scales. There were few studies about the correlation between vegetation characteristics and different altitudes covering a large region in spatial pattern, especially in transitional permafrost(TP). There were continuous permafrost(CP) discontinuous permafrost(DCP) and seasonal frozen ground(SFG) in this study region. The types of permafrost changed from SFG to DCP, and finally become CP as the altitudes of Xidatan increase. In this paper, 112 845 points interpreted by HJ1-B(environment and disaster monitoring and prediction small satellite constellation), vegetation investigation points, thawing layer thickness research sites, ground temperature and water content observation plots were used to examine the spatial pattern of vegetation which were located in different altitudes in Xidatan, a typical TP region, in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Vegetation characteristics, soil moisture content(SMC) and thaw depths were collected in 15 August to 25 August2012. Characteristics of vegetation were mainly represented by fractional vegetation cover(FVC) derived from the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), as well as above ground biomass(AGB). In this paper, we analyzed that the distinction of vegetation characteristics in each range through statistics data. These ranges were divided by varied altitudes. For examples, the ranges were divided into 50 m or 100 m. In this study we use a large area plots method to further discuss the relationship between the features of vegetation and the different regions of permafrost based on altitudes shifts in Xidatan. A diagram described the vegetation characteristics variability with rising altitudes in transitional permafrost region was drawn in this paper. Our results illustrated the FVCs first increased in SFG region and then decreased in DCP zone slowly, and in CP region FVCs soared then dropped dramatically. With the altitudes increased, the curve of FVCs indicated a parabolic distribution except a little difference in the first 200 m range.     

寒温带兴安落叶松林冻土Cu、Pb元素分布特征的研究

为研究大兴安岭北部林区多年冻土Cu、Pb元素分布特征,文章利用X射线荧光光谱法,对冻土36个样点144个样品进行了Cu、Pb元素含量测定。结果表明,Cu元素含量范围在12.0~19.0mg/kg之间,Pb元素含量范围在14.0~25.0mg/kg之间。在不同冻土层深度、不同坡位、不同坡向上,其冻土Cu、Pb元素含量差异显著,其对冻土Cu、Pb元素含量影响由大到小排列顺序为土层深度>坡向>坡位。     

兴安落叶松林林下冻土中硫元素分布规律研究

通过对我国典型寒温带兴安落叶松林区的原始林、间伐林、原始湿地3种生态系统冻土中硫含量以及影响硫含量因素的研究。得出以下结论:①、3种生态系统冻土中硫含量范围0.0%~0.14%,有机质含量范围14 g/kg~240g/kg;通过统计分析,②、对冻土中硫含量的影响程度由大到小的因素为土壤层次、生态系统、坡位、坡向;③、硫含量表层最高,占4个层次硫总量的50%以上,向下含量逐渐减少;④、3种生态系统硫含量由高到低的顺序为原始湿地、原始林、间伐林,坡下坡中坡上硫含量差别不显著,阳坡硫含量稍高于阴坡,差别不显著。     

热棒位置与热棒效果关系的研究

热棒主要是在冬季将地下的热通过热棒导向大气,使冻土范围和冻土上限都变大,这样使冻土路基更加稳定.由于热棒只能影响一定的区域,所以热棒的埋设位置对热棒保护路基土有很大的影响,本文通过MRDT600温度监测系统对埋设直插型热棒的试验路路基与埋设了斜插型热棒的试验路路基进行温度监测.通过对监测的温度数据进行分析和对比,总结直棒、斜棒与L型热棒在保护冻土路基方面的优缺点.     

大兴安岭林区冻土及湿地对生态环境的作用

为研究中国大兴安岭林区生态环境问题 ,作者对大兴安岭林区高纬度多年冻土区的冻土、冻土地带的湿地和森林的生长状况进行了调研及现地考察 .结果表明 :大兴安岭的冻土退化、原始湿地萎缩和新生湿地扩张将会对大兴安岭的森林及环境造成威胁 .作者认为气候变暖和人为活动是冻土退化的主要原因 ,气候变暖和森林破坏 (大面积采伐或森林火灾 )导致冻土退化 ,不但影响冻土上层的原始湿地 ,也导致新生湿地的扩张 ,林地被湿地取代 ,形成恶性循环 .建议对冻土、湿地、森林的相互制约机理进行长期定位观测研究     

冻土地区管道建设面临的工程技术难题

介绍了国内外冻土地区管道工程技术现状，针对冻土地区管道沿线和周围（岩）土的冻胀和融沉问题，提出了相应的对策。以格拉输油管道为例，探讨了冻土地区管道工程可选择的敷设方式、油气管道的电保护技术、气候和环境变化对管道的影响以及沿线环境管理等方面的问题。     

基于SWAT模型的根河流域蒸散量时空分布特征

为了研究根河流域38年间蒸散(ET)、潜在蒸散(PET)的年际、年内变化过程及空间分布格局,基于SWAT模型分析了各气象要素与蒸散的相互关系。结果表明:(1)根河流域1980—2017年ET值、PET值整体呈增加趋势。(2)根河流域ET与PET的年内变化总体上均呈先增大后减小的单峰型分布。(3)根河流域的ET值在空间上呈现流域上游高,中下游低的分布格局; PET值在空间上呈现西南>东北>东南的分布规律。(4)根河流域的生长期、完全冻结期、融冻期ET值均呈现增加趋势,始冻期ET值呈降低趋势,4个时期平均ET值差异性表现为生长期>融冻期>始冻期>完全冻结期。(5)根河流域多年ET值在不同土地覆被类型的大小为林地>草地>耕地>建设用地>沼泽地; 而PET的排序为耕地>建设用地>林地>草地>沼泽地。(6)根河流域蒸散量与降水量和气温呈显著正相关。研究结果对根河流域的蒸散量变化及其冻融作用对当地的影响有着重要的参考意义。     

Viscoelastic Model Analysis of In-situ Pressuremter Creep Test in Permafrost

In order to investigate the creep behavior of warm and ice-rich frozen soils, a number of pressuremeter tests were carried out in permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau with Menard pressuremeter. Then, the regression analysis results of the creep curves generated by Merchant model and relevant parameters were obtained. The test results indicate that the temperature plays a more important role than the water content in affecting the mechanical behavior of warm frozen soils. As pressure increases, the proportion of instantaneous strain in the total strain under each pressure decreases gradually. The regression results show that the instantaneous shear modulus increases linearly with decreasing temperature, but the delayed shear modulus as well as the viscous coefficient present a power function trend. Their peak values appear at the water content of 46%, which is rather different from the test result on lower temperature frozen soils.     

未来气候变化条件下青藏高原多年冻土区潜在植被类型面积预估

在青藏高原多年冻土区根据490个植被调查样点数据和3种遥感数据集的27个变量,利用决策树分类模型,模拟出4种代表性浓度路径情景下10个气候系统模式在2050年和2070年的青藏高原高寒草地类型(高寒沼泽草甸、高寒草甸、高寒草原、高寒荒漠和裸地)潜在分布结果。同时为保证数据分析的一致性,利用数据对当前高原草地类型也进行了反演。结果表明:相比当前高寒草地分布面积,预计在2050年和2070年裸地和高寒草甸面积微弱减少,高寒草原和高寒荒漠面积在微弱增加,高寒沼泽草甸面积变化不明显。结果在4种代表性浓度路径情景下的表现基本一致,研究不仅可以为高寒草地气候变化研究提供植被类型相关的数据支持,还可以为青藏高原多年冻土区碳循环的探讨提供部分的方法和理论依据。