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To identify the major factors that contribute to the difference in lodging among different rice varieties under machine transplanting and their responses to nitrogen(N), field experiments were conducted at Danyang County(a representative eco-site of the Lower Yangtze River) in Jiangsu Province, China in 2017 and 2018, 22 hybrid indica varieties(HIs), 22 inbred japonica varieties(IJs) and two indica japonica hybrid varieties(IJHs) were transplanted by machine with three N rates(N0, N150 and N300, 0, 150 and 300 kg ha–1, respectively). Lodging-related physical parameters, morphological characteristics and apparent transport rates of dry matter were examined. Significant difference in yield was observed among different types of rice, and followed by IJsHIsIJHs. The average lodging index(LI) of hybrid varieties(HIs and IJHs) was higher than that of the inbred varieties(IJs) with higher plant height; moreover, lower apparent export rate of dry matter resulted lower LI in IJHs than in HIs. The HIs had a large difference in the LI, which came from the difference in bending stress(BS) induced by the difference in the apparent export rate of dry matter, varieties with lower leaf angle of upper three leaves possess strong lodging resistance capacity; however, the gap among the IJs was due to the difference in the cross section modulus(Z). The LI in the IJs or IJHs increased slightly with the increased N application, and there was no lodging incidence under the high N level, which was due to the low leaf angle and barely changed under high N; there was a significant interaction between varieties(HIs) and N rates in lodging rate and LI, varieties with lower leaf angle of upper three leaves were resistant to high N. These results suggest that compact plant type rice has higher lodging and N resistance at machine-transplanting method.  相似文献   
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旨在研究果园土壤有机质与土壤氮素养分的相关性与空间分布变化,为果园土壤的可持续利用提供依据。对庆阳苹果主产区30个果园土壤有机质含量和土壤氮素养分进行农化分析。结果表明:0~20 cm果园土壤有机质与全氮含量的相关关系为y=0.055x+0.140,相关系数R2=0.940,土壤有机质与碱解氮含量的相关关系为y=3.061x+26.65,相关系数R2=0.414,土壤全氮与碱解氮含量的相关关系为y=55.28x+18.83,相关系数R2=0.441;20~40 cm果园土壤的有机质与全氮含量的相关关系为y=0.045x+0.250,相关系数R2=0.721,土壤的有机质与土壤碱解氮含量的相关关系为y=2.237x+23.84,相关系数R2=0.158,土壤的全氮与碱解氮含量的相关关系为y=57.47x+5.141,相关系数R2=0.298。  相似文献   
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Soil organic carbon(SOC) plays a key role in improving soil quality and optimizing crop yield. Yet little is known about the fate of macroaggregates(0.25 mm) under long-term fertilization and their relative importance in SOC sequestration in reclaimed calcareous soil. Therefore, the effects of mineral fertilizers and organic manure on the mechanisms of organic carbon(OC) stabilization in macroaggregates were investigated in this study. Four treatments were used: unfertilized control(CK), mineral fertilizer(NPK), compost chicken manure alone(M), and mineral fertilizers plus manure(MNPK). Samples from the 0–20 cm layer of soil receiving 11-year-long fertilization were separated into four fractions based on the macroaggregates present(unprotected coarse and fine particulate organic matter, cPOM and fPOM; physically protected intra-microaggregate POM, i POM; and biochemically protected mineral associated OM, MOM) by the physical fractionation method. Compared with the control, the long-term application of NPK had little effect on SOC content, total nitrogen(TN) content, and OC and TN contents of macroaggregate fractions. In contrast, incorporation of organic manure(MNPK) significantly increased SOC(45.7%) and TN(24.3%) contents. Application of MNPK increased OC contents within macroaggregate-extracted fractions of cPOM(292.2%), fPOM(136.0%) and iPOM(124.0%), and TN contents within cPOM(607.1%), fPOM(242.5%) and iPOM(127.6%), but not the mineral associated organic carbon(MOM-C) and nitrogen(MOM-N) contents. Unprotected C fractions were more strongly and positively correlated with SOC increase than protected C fractions, especially for cPOM-C, indicating that SOC sequestration mainly occurred via cPOM-C in the studied calcareous soil. In conclusion, MNPK increased the quantity and stability of SOC by increasing the contents of cPOM-C and cPOM-N, suggesting that this management practice(MNPK) is an effective strategy to develop sustainable agriculture.  相似文献   
5.
以黑龙江省主栽红小豆品种珍珠红为供试材料,采用盆栽方式,分别在苗期、花荚期和鼓粒期喷施0(CK)、50、100和200μmol/L褪黑素,探讨外源褪黑素对红小豆生长、光合荧光特性和产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,50、100和200μmol/L褪黑素处理均能增加红小豆株高、叶面积和干物质积累,提高红小豆净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、最大光化学效率和潜在光化学活性,且褪黑素浓度为100μmol/L时各指标提高幅度最大。在苗期、花荚期、鼓粒期喷施100μmol/L褪黑素处理的红小豆单株粒重分别为5.53、6.13和5.90g,与CK相比分别增加了6.3%、12.1%和9.5%。综上可知,红小豆花荚期喷施100μmol/L褪黑素增产效果最显著。  相似文献   
6.
针对定西马铃薯生产集约化种植,长期大量施用化肥造成马铃薯块茎产量降低、品质下降以及环境污染等问题,通过大田试验,研究了不同有机肥氮替代化肥氮对覆膜马铃薯干物质积累与分配的影响,结果表明: 施用有机肥延迟了马铃薯生育进程,与不施肥相比,施用有机肥马铃薯干重平衡期推迟12~16d;施用有机肥增加了马铃薯干物质快速积累期持续时间Δt,与不施肥相比,10%、20%、30%和40%有机肥氮替代化肥氮处理马铃薯干物质快速积累期持续时间Δt分别增加5、5、7和5d,同时,也增加了马铃薯生育期内干物质最大增长速率vmax和马铃薯干物质快速积累期的干物质平均增长速度v mean,与不施肥相比,分别增加37.01%、46.46%、51.18%和35.43%以及51.09%、64.23%、77.37%和72.26%;马铃薯整株干物质积累呈现明显“S”型曲线特征;在成熟期,有机肥显著影响干物质有“源”向“库”的转移。综上所述,在干旱半干旱定西,30%有机肥氮替代化肥氮是最佳有机-无机配合比例。  相似文献   
7.
Effects of earthworm casts on soil nutrient dynamics and their responses to changing moisture availability in subtropical ecosystems remain poorly understood. This study aimed to examine short-term carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) dynamics and their interactions with wetting-drying cycles in three different structural forms(i.e., granular, globular, and heap-like) of Amynthas earthworm casts. The rates of C and N mineralization in the earthworm casts were examined under two different wetting-drying cycles(i.e., 2-d and 4-d wetting intervals) using a rainfall simulation experiment. After three simulated rainfall events, subsamples of the earthworm casts were further incubated for 4 d for the determination of CO_2 and N_2O fluxes. The results of this study indicated that the impacts of wetting-drying cycles on the short-term C and N dynamics were highly variable among the three cast forms, but wetting-drying cycles significantly reduced the cumulative CO_2 and N_2O fluxes by 62%–83% and 57%–85%, respectively, when compared to the control without being subjected to any rainfall events. The C mineralization rates in different cast forms were affected by the amount of organic substrates and N content in casts, which were associated with the food preference and selection of earthworms. Meanwhile, the cumulative N_2O fluxes did not differ among the three cast forms. Repeated wetting and drying of casts not only enhanced aggregate stability by promoting bonds between the cast particles, but also inhibited microbial survival and growth during the prolonged drying period, which together hindered decomposition and denitrification. Our findings demonstrated that the interactions between the structural forms, aggregate dynamics, and C and N cycling in the earthworm casts were highly complex.  相似文献   
8.
旨在研究长江上游再生稻区头季稻缓控释肥优化方案对早熟杂交籼稻头季稻和再生稻物质积累及产量的调控效应。以早熟杂交籼稻‘广8优粤禾丝苗’为材料,头季稻机插开展试验,设置6个施肥处理,分别为4个月树脂包膜尿素一次性基施处理(B-PCU)、缓释掺混肥一次性基施处理(B-SRFB)、4个月树脂包膜尿素一基一蘖处理(BT-PCU)、缓释掺混肥一基一蘖处理(BT-SRFB)、当地常规施氮处理(CF)和全生育期不施氮肥对照处理(CK)。结果表明,较CF处理,4个月树脂包膜尿素头季稻产量降低,再生稻产量增加,差异不显著;缓释掺混肥增加头季稻和再生稻产量,再生季产量差异达显著水平,主要归因于有效穗明显增加,提高库容水平,一基一蘖处理一次性基施处理。较CF处理,不同缓控释肥处理均降低头季稻花前的物质积累,但不同缓控释肥一基一蘖处理明显增加成熟期物质积累,归因于花后作物生长速率显著增加;再生季,不同施肥处理再生力相当,缓释掺混肥处理叶面积指数显著高于CF和4个月树脂尿素,再生季作物生长速率明显增加,进而提高成熟期物质积累,其中,缓释掺混肥一基一蘖处理最高。说明长江上游早熟杂交籼稻‘广8优粤禾丝苗’在中稻-再生稻种植模式中,头季稻采用缓释掺混肥组配尿素的施肥方式有利于中稻-再生稻群体光合产物积累和产量增加。  相似文献   
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针对松嫩平原西部半干旱区施肥方式单一、养分管理失衡等限制玉米丰产优质高效的问题,以先玉335为材料,设置5个喷施硅肥处理,分别为0(LCK)、4(LS1)、8(LS2)、12(LS3)和16g/L(LS4),研究叶面喷施不同浓度硅肥对玉米干物质积累和转运及籽粒产量品质的影响。结果表明,喷施硅肥对植株干物质积累均有促进作用,其中LS3与LCK相比,显著增加花前营养体干物质转运量267.00kg/hm2,且2年的产量均最高(11 485.68和12 331.69kg/hm2)。随硅肥浓度的增加,玉米籽粒粗淀粉、粗蛋白、果糖、氮和钾含量显著增加,较LCK的增幅分别为1.88%~2.56%、5.64%~8.22%、20.00%~41.18%、6.56%~8.56%和11.57%~38.84%。综上所述,叶面喷施8和12g/L硅肥可实现玉米产量和品质的协同提高,可作为松嫩平原西部半干旱区叶面硅肥施用的最佳水平。  相似文献   
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