近54年内蒙古自治区西部沙尘暴的变化趋势

[目的]研究近54 a内蒙古自治区西部沙尘暴天气发生频次的变化特征,为该区沙尘暴天气的科学预测和防治提供理论依据。[方法]采用线性回归、5 a滑动平均、小波分析、滑动t检验、Mann-Kendall检验方法分析内蒙古自治区西部24个气象站点沙尘暴日数的变化趋势、周期性、突变性等特征。[结果]①近54 a来沙尘暴天气发生频次可分为高频期(1960—1975年)、快速减少期(1976—1992年)和低频期(1993—2013年)。沙尘暴发生的频次分别为17,9和4 d/a;发生频次的周期性存在31,22,13 a三个长周期和5,8,1.5 a三个短周期的波动变化。②1986年前后沙尘暴发生频次出现了明显的突变现象,1976—1986年的线性递减率为0.76 d/a,1987—1992年的线性递减率为1.4 d/a。[结论]近54 a内蒙古自治区西部沙尘暴日数变化呈波动下降趋势,且存在明显的周期性和突变性特征。     

百草枯对人肝HepG2细胞的致突变性

采用微核(MN)试验和姊妹染色单体交换(SCE)试验评价了百草枯(Paraquat,PQ)对人肝Hep G2细胞的致突变性。结果显示,7.21 mg/L的PQ处理即可导致Hep G2细胞的MN率和SCE频率均明显升高,且MN率和SCE频率升高趋势均与PQ处理浓度呈正相关,至34.57 mg/L的PQ处理组,Hep G2细胞的MN率和SCE频率分别升高为正常组的5.29和6.07倍,表明PQ对人肝Hep G2细胞具有明显的致突变性。     

红曲中桔霉素的Ames试验

采用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌试验(Ames试验),通过观察0.2、1.0、5.0、25.0 μg/皿桔霉素处理对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组氨酸缺陷型菌株TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102回复突变的影响,检测红曲中桔霉素的致突变性.结果表明,桔霉素受试物组回变菌落数均未超过自发回变菌落数的2倍,亦未呈现剂量反应关系,试验结果为阴性,红曲中桔霉素未表现出致突变性.     

抗疲劳中药复方制剂的安全性毒理学试验

采用小鼠经口急性毒性试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验、精子畸形试验和大鼠30 d喂养试验,检测抗疲劳中药复方制剂的急性毒性、致突变性和亚慢性毒性。结果表明:抗疲劳中药复方制剂对小鼠急性经口LD50>15 g/kg;3个剂量组微核率为0.16%~0.20%,精子畸形率2.70%~2.94%,与阴性对照组比均无显著差异。给予中药复方制剂后,各剂量组大鼠生长发育良好。第15 d检查,中、高剂量组大鼠平均红细胞体积(MCV)高于对照组,血清球蛋白(GLOB)含量低于对照组,其它指标与对照组比较无显著差异;第30 d检查,各剂量组血液葡萄糖(GLU)含量高于对照组,中、高剂量组GLOB和肌酐(CRE)含量也高于对照组,其它指标均在正常范围内,与对照组差异不显著;主要脏器系数及病理组织学检查未见明显异常。以上结果表明抗疲劳中药复方制剂属于实际无毒类,无致突变性,部分检测指标的改变可能与机体代谢状况和抗疲劳机制形成有关。     

Comparative genotoxicity testing of rhine river sediment extracts using the comet assay with permanent fish cell lines (rtg-2 and rtl-w1) and the ames test*

Goals, Scope and Background

Improved quality of surface waters and sediments requires advanced strategies for ecotoxicological assessment. Whilst at least in Germany assessment strategies on the basis of chemical analysis and acute toxicity data dominated the last decades, the development of more specific biological endpoints and biomarkers in ecotoxicology is required in order to arrive at a good ecological potential and good chemical status of surface waters in the European river basins until the year 2015, as required by the European Water Framework Directive. Since sediments have for long been known to function both as a sink and as a source of pollutants in aquatic systems, and since part of the particle-associated substances have frequently been demonstrated to cause mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in aquatic organisms, particularly in fish, there is, among other requirements, an urgent need to develop, standardize and implement integrated vertebrate-based test systems addressing genotoxicity into recent sediment investigation strategies. Thus, the present study was designed to compare the suitability of two commonly used test systems, the comet assay and the Ames test, for the evaluation of the ecotoxicological burden of surface and core sediment samples from the river Rhine.

Methods (or Main Features)

In order to determine the importance of inherent enzymatic activities, two permanent fish cell lines with different biotransformation capacities, RTL-W1 and RTG-2, were compared with respect to their capability of detecting genotoxic effects in 18 surface and core sediment samples from 9 locations along the River Rhine in the comet assay with and without exogenous bioactivation. For further comparison, as a prokaryotic mutagenicity assay, theSalmonella plate incorporation assay (Ames test) with the test strains TA98 and TA 100 with and without exogenous metabolic activation was used.

Results and Discussion

Whereas all sediment extracts induced genotoxic effects in the comet assay with RTL-W1 cells, only 12 out of 18 sediment extracts revealed significant genotoxicity in the tests with the less biotransformation-competent RTG-2 cells. Exogenous bioactivation by addition of ß-naphthoflavone /phenobarbital-induced S9 from rat liver resulted in both reduction or increase of genotoxicity in samples from different sites, however, without consistent reaction patterns. In general, the responses of RTL-W1 cells indicated higher biotransformation capacity than in RTG-2 cells without S9 complementation. In Ames tests using TA98 with S9, 16 out of 18 extracts induced significant mutagenicity with induction factors up to 4. Compared to TA98, the strain TA100 proved less sensitive, with maximum induction factors of 1.3, indicating the potential presence of substances inducing frarneshift mutations, which can only be detected in the strain TA98. Chemical analyses revealed particularly high levels of hexachlorbenzene (up to 860 µg/kg) and priority PAHs (up to 4.8 mg/kg); so far, however, no correlation could be found between compounds analyzed and the corresponding biotests.

Conclusions

Results document that both comet assay and Ames test are capable of detecting xenobiotic interaction with DNA in consequence of exposure to complex environmental samples. Whereas the alkaline version of the comet assay detects a broad range of interactions with the DNA, however without information about their eventual importance, the Ames test only reveals established mutations, but fails to detect transient (reparable) DNA alterations. However, even transient primary changes in the DNA structure might result in carcinogenic processes and, eventually, in implications at the population level. As a consequence, for hazard assessment purposes, a combination of both assays is required to avoid false negatives in genotoxicity evaluation. Poor correlation between data obtained by chemical analysis and results in bioassays is indicative of our limited understanding of the sources of genotoxicity. In fact, numerous studies combining chemical and biological approaches for hazard assessment of complex environmental mixtures indicate that priority pollutant concentrations are a poor indicator of toxicity.If compared to the cell line RTG-2, RTL-W1 proved more effective in detecting genotoxicity in surface sediment samples and, thus, indicated the importance of bioactivation of at least part of the compounds in superficial layers of sediments. Results further document that the common assumption may be wrong that, in comparison to deeper strata, surface layers carry a lower toxic burden in consequence of the current decrease in water pollution. This might at least in part be due to remobilization of more heavily polluted sediments from deeper layers during severe flood events followed by re-sedimentation in flood plains or upstream weirs, where they might cover less polluted younger sediment layers.

Recommendations and Perspectives

For a comprehensive assessment of genotoxicity in surface and core sediments, a combination of eukaryotic (comet assay) and prokaryotic assays (Ames test) with and without exogenous bioactivation is recommended. Since studies with organic sediments extracts simulate a worst-case scenario and fail to take into account bioavailability, there is broad consensus that whole-sediment exposure protocols represent the most realistic scenarios. Whereas more realistic solid phase exposure has frequently been applied in both microbial and invertebrate acute toxicity testing, there is an urgent need to develop corresponding whole sediment fish-based genotoxicity tests.

     

产后康复宁的致突变、致畸试验研究

采用小白鼠骨髓多染红细胞微核试验和小白鼠致畸试验等方法,对产后康复宁的致突变性和致畸性进行了观察.小白鼠骨髓多染红细胞微核实验结果PCE/NCE为1.0085/1.2567.结论:产后康复宁无致突变作用.     

豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物的急性毒性与致突变性试验

通过经口急性毒性试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验和精子畸形试验对豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物的急性毒性和致突变性进行了研究.结果表明,以该代谢产物中苦马豆素的量计算,小鼠经口急性毒性试验的LD50为226.46mg/kg,LD50的95%可信限为158.49～323.59mg/kg,是治疗肿瘤剂量的14～84倍,属于实际低毒级药物.微核试验和精子畸形试验的各试验组与阴性对照组比较差异均不显著(P＞0.05),说明豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物无明显致突变性;各试验组之间比较差异均不显著(P＞0.05),说明微核的形成和精子畸形的形成与受试物无量效关系.结论:豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物是一种较安全的抗肿瘤药物.     

(Q)SAR tools for the prediction of mutagenic properties: Are they ready for application in pesticide regulation?

The assessment of human health risks resulting from the presence of metabolites in groundwater and food residues has become an important element in pesticide authorisation. In this context, the evaluation of mutagenicity is of particular interest and a paradigm shift from exposure‐triggered testing to in silico‐based screening has been recommended in the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Guidance on the establishment of the residue definition for dietary risk assessment. In addition, it is proposed to apply in silico predictions when experimental mutagenicity testing is not possible due to a lack of sufficient quantities of the pesticide metabolite. This, combined with animal welfare and economic considerations, has led to a situation where an increasing number of in silico studies are submitted to regulatory authorities. Whilst there is extensive experience with in silico predictions for mutagenicity in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, their suitability in pesticide regulation is still insufficiently considered. Therefore, we herein discuss critical issues that need to be resolved to successfully implement (Quantitative) Structure‐Activity Relationship ((Q)SAR) as an accepted tool in pesticide regulation. For illustration purposes, the results of a pilot study are included. The presented study highlights a need for further improvement regarding the predictivity and applicability domain of (Q)SAR systems for pesticides and their metabolites, but also raises other questions such as model selection, establishment of acceptance criteria, harmonised approaches to the combination of model outputs into overall conclusions, adequate reporting and data sharing. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

溴氰菊酯的毒性和致突变性的研究进展

由于高效低毒、对光稳定等优点,溴氰菊酯广泛应用于各类害虫、寄生虫防治中。近年来,溴氰菊酯的毒性、致突变性研究逐渐受到人们的关注。笔者综述了溴氰菊酯的毒性、致突变性研究现状。     

豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物的遗传毒性与致突变作用

通过小鼠骨髓染色体畸变试验、睾丸染色体畸变试验及鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复试验考察豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物的遗传毒性与致突变性。结果显示,豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物对小鼠骨髓染色体及睾丸染色体均无致畸变作用;Ames试验结果显示在本次试验的各个浓度下无论是加入活化系统(S-9混合液)还是不加,回变菌落数均未大于自然回变菌落的2倍,而各阳性对照组均显示强烈的诱变作用,表明,本次试验剂量和条件下,豆类丝核菌次级代谢产物未见遗传毒性和致突变作用。