景谷县森林蓄积量遥感估测及其动态变化分析

以云南省景谷县为研究区,基于Landsat5和Landsat8遥感数据,利用2012年和2017年两期全国森林资源连续清查实地调查数据,建立多元逐步回归和随机森林模型对景谷县森林蓄积量进行遥感估测对比研究。结果显示:综合建模精度来看,随机森林法在相同样地数量条件下具有更好的估测效果;从估测结果与林地保护利用规划和林地变更数据结果相比较,随机森林法估测值接近真实值,估测精度较高。     

不同增稠剂对农药可分散油悬浮剂稳定性的影响

为明确不同增稠剂对以矿物油为分散介质的油悬浮体系稳定性的影响,以12.5%丙炔·吡嘧(丙炔噁草酮·吡嘧磺隆)可分散油悬浮剂为对象,通过流变学和多重光散射方法,研究了有机膨润土、有机高分子和气相二氧化硅3类增稠剂单独使用及有机膨润土和其他两类增稠剂分别搭配使用对可分散油悬浮剂物理稳定性的影响。结果表明:所有样品的流动特性指数(n)均小于1,为假塑性流体,具有触变性。除有机膨润土和高分子增稠剂Atlox Rheostrux100组合使用时体系更符合Casson方程外,其余样品均更符合Herschel-Bulkley方程。单独使用时,有机膨润土对保证体系稳定的效果相对较好;Atlox Rheostrux 100和Atlox Rheostrux200两种高分子增稠剂的效果差别较大,其中Atlox Rheostrux 100效果更好,这可能是由分子结构差异造成;两种气相二氧化硅类增稠剂由于不能有效形成氢键,效果较差。将有机膨润土和有机高分子增稠剂组合使用时,体系的稳定性有所提升,其中有机膨润土869和Atlox Rheostrux 100组合使用效果更好,体系具有较高的黏度,且具有良好的触变性,物理稳定性优异;有机膨润土869和疏水气相二氧化硅R974组合使用时则效果没有明显的提升。研究表明,流变学和多重光散射两种方法均能较好地表征可分散油悬浮剂的物理稳定性;新型高分子增稠剂和有机膨润土具有协同作用,将二者合理组合添加能大幅提升可分散油悬浮剂的稳定性。     

Effects of AG1 and AG2 QTLs on Nonstructural Carbohydrate and Seed Management Options for Rice Seedling Growth and Establishment under Flooding Stress

Rice (Oryza sativa) plants acquired excess photosynthates in the form of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in their stems and grain. Despite keen interest in rice NSC, the dynamics of NSC accumulation, translocation and re-accumulation have not yet been well investigated. AG1 and AG2 QTLs associated with flooding tolerance through catalyzing starch into soluble sugar in germinating seeds. Here we conducted three experiments, greenhouse and field to lay the groundwork for large-scale diversity studies on grain NSC and some agronomic traits under direct-seeded rice (DSR) system, using elite lines incorporating AG1, AG2 and AG1-AG2 QTLs into the popular varieties PSB Rc82 and Ciherang-Sub1 along with the donors Kho Hlan On (AG1) and Ma-Zhan Red (AG2). In germinating seedlings, soluble sugars increased, while starch concentration decreased gradually especially in the tolerant checks and AG1-AG2 introgression lines under flooded soil. Soluble sugar accumulation in stem started to increase from the vegetative stage and peaked at the panicle initiation stage then gradually decreased towards the maturity stage. But Sub1-AG lines had higher sugar and starch concentrations at different growth stages than other genotypes in wet season 2016 and dry season 2017. Plant survival rate was positively correlated with the stem NSC at the early vegetative stage (21 days after sowing), and stem NSC was positively associated with plant height at different growth stages. Among the tested seeding rate, the most suitable seeding rate, 4 g/m² with shallow burial depth (0.5 cm), resulted in better seedling establishment, relatively higher seedling vigor index and higher leaf area index under flooding in DSR system. Introgression of AG1-AG2 QTLs had no any negative impact on nonstructural carbohydrate, germination rate, and growth and biomass production.     

双唑草腈对双季水稻田杂草的防效及后茬作物的影响

通过大田试验测定了双唑草腈及其与苄嘧磺隆、五氟磺草胺和扑草净混用对双季水稻田杂草的防效,并评价了双唑草腈对水稻及后茬作物的安全性。结果表明:2%双唑草腈GR对双季水稻田杂草具有良好的防治效果,210、315和420 g/hm~2处理药后30、45 d对禾本科杂草和阔叶类杂草的防效均在87%以上,低剂量140 g/hm~2处理药后30、45 d对双季水稻田禾本科杂草和阔叶类杂草防效均在75%以上。2%双唑草腈GR 140、210、315和420 g/hm~2处理对后茬作物小白菜、马铃薯、小麦、紫云英和冬季油菜生长安全。2%双唑草腈GR以140、210 g/hm~2分别与苄嘧磺隆或五氟磺草胺混用,药后30、45 d对禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草的防效均在93%以上,显著优于2%双唑草腈GR相应浓度的单剂处理,其中2%双唑草腈GR 210 g/hm~2+10%苄嘧磺隆WP 30 g/hm~2混用可以达到2%双唑草腈GR 315 g/hm~2处理的防治效果,且对水稻生长安全;单独施用50%扑草净WP 450 g/hm~2对双季稻田禾本科杂草的防效较差,其与2%双唑草腈GR混用后防效显著提高,但对水稻生长有较强的抑制作用。综上,双唑草腈及其与苄嘧磺隆、五氟磺草胺混用对双季水稻安全,可在双季水稻田推广应用。     

Weed seedling emergence in contrasting fodder crop systems following 30 years of cultivation in the lowlands of Northern Italy

Five fodder crop systems of different intensity (ranging from a double annual crop of Italian ryegrass + silage maize to a permanent meadow) were adopted for 30 years in the lowlands of Northern Italy under two input levels, differing mainly in their provision of organic fertiliser (manure). Herbicides were used in the maize crops included in all systems, except the meadow. After 30 years, the weed seedbank of all systems and input levels were assessed by the seedling emergence technique on soil samples from each plot. The cropping systems determined the abundance and composition of the weed assembly. Relatively few, frequent species made up the majority of the emerged seedlings in all systems, and there was no relationship between the total number of emerged seedlings and the mean number of species recorded in the different systems. Arabidopsis thaliana and Oxalis corniculata were abundant in the annual double crop and in the 3- and 6-year rotations that also comprised the annual double crop. These weeds, however, were unlikely to represent a major threat to the crops, due to their vigour and growth period. The permanent meadow tended to greater weed biodiversity than the other systems. The application of manure favoured the seedbank of species such as Lolium multiflorum, Digitaria sanguinalis and A. thaliana. Weed communities in the different systems were mainly determined by herbicide application, (through the ability of weeds to avoid its effects, determined by the weed life history and emergence period) and manure application (with its possible dual effect of spreading weed seeds and favouring nitrogen-responsive weeds).     

ET_0变化趋势分析及估算模型研究——以新乡站为例

【目的】参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)的估算是计算作物腾发量的基础,也是区域水资源评价与灌溉政策制定的前提,因此,研究ET_0变化趋势与估算模型能够对该地区农田灌溉用水预报提供基础支持,进而为灌溉制度的制定以及水资源高效利用提供科学依据。【方法】以河南新乡气象站1962―2016年气象资料为基础,运用Penman-Monteith模型计算ET_0序列,Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对年及季节尺度ET_0序列变化趋势进行分析,并用均值生成函数模型对其进行了拟合与验证。【结果】①新乡地区年尺度ET_0序列在1975―2016年间呈减小趋势,并在1985―2004年、2006年显著;②新乡地区春季ET_0序列在1982―1983年及1988―2003年间呈显著的减小趋势,夏季ET_0序列在1980―2012年间呈显著的减小趋势。③均值生成函数模型在对年尺度ET_0序列进行拟合时,其一致性系数达到0.83,绝对误差与相对误差分别在-120.8～120.0 mm及-14.0%～18.2%之间。④均值生成函数模型在对季节尺度ET_0序列进行拟合时,其一致性系数在春、夏、秋、冬各季节分别达到0.85、0.81、0.88及0.89,绝对误差分别在-60.2～64.3、-64.4～58.9、-39.6～32.8、-37.0～25.1 mm之间,相对误差分别在-20.1%～36.7%、-22.1%～32.1%、-18.0%～22.9%、-23.9%～24.6%之间。【结论】新乡地区年尺度ET_0序列在1985―2004年间显著减小,均值生成函数模型在对年及各季节尺度ET_0序列进行拟合时整体效果较好,因此,可通过其进行年及季节尺度ET_0序列的估算,且其在秋、冬二季的拟合效果明显好于春、夏二季。     

基于多反应监测质谱技术的水稻叶片蛋白绝对定量方法

【目的】建立水稻叶片蛋白的多反应监测(MRM)质谱绝对定量方法。【方法】水稻叶片蛋白经含1.0%十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的磷酸盐(PBS)缓冲液提取,丙酮沉淀除杂纯化、胰蛋白酶消化,酶解液经液相色谱分离,MRM质谱监测,外标法定量。【结果】向提取缓冲液中加入1.0%SDS可增强水稻叶片中16种靶蛋白和总蛋白质的提取效果;不同有机试剂处理,总蛋白质沉淀量存在显著差异(P<0.05),沉淀能力从强到弱依次为乙腈>丙酮>异丙醇>甲醇>乙醇;对于16种目标蛋白,总体以丙酮沉淀效果最好,其次是异丙醇和乙腈,甲醇和乙醇效果较差。该方法线性范围均达到3个数量级,定量限为0.1~2.5 nmol/L,灌浆期16种水稻叶片蛋白质含量为6.0~2818.1μg/g,相对标准偏差均小于14%。【结论】SDS可显著提高水稻叶片蛋白提取效果,采用丙酮或乙腈可获得较好的蛋白沉淀效果,但不同蛋白质略有差异。结合MRM质谱监测技术可实现水稻叶片蛋白的绝对定量,方法线性范围宽、敏度高、重复性好。     

水稻因土质施肥方法探讨

土壤质地是土壤的基本物理性质之一,反应土壤中不同大小直径成土颗粒的组成状况。不同质地土壤间养分含量、蓄水导水、保肥供肥、保温导热、耕性、微生物种类及其活动等性能的差异,影响肥料的固定、转化、吸收和流失,并影响作物的产量形成,进而形成区域性的肥料利用效率的差异。水稻肥料利用状况的改善一直是研究热点,但土壤质地对肥料利用和水稻生长的影响研究相对较少。本文简要介绍了不同质地土壤的养分状况和理化性质差异,分析了土壤质地对作物生长发育的影响;并在简要评价测土配方施肥技术的基础上,初步探讨了不同土质土壤的肥料高效施用方法。     

大豆作为前作植物对油菜根肿病发生的影响

为了解前作大豆对后茬油菜根肿病的影响，采用大田轮作试验和实时荧光定量PCR检测法，研究大豆、白菜、油菜分别作为前作，调查后茬油菜根肿病的发生和土壤中休眠孢子含量，比较分析了不同前作的根系分泌物对休眠孢子萌发的影响，结果表明前作大豆，后茬油菜根肿病的发病率和病情指数分别为34.00%和19.26、土壤休眠孢子含量为1.45×106个/克土壤，显著低于前作为油菜、白菜和撂荒对照的相应量。大豆、油菜和白菜根系分泌物均可刺激根肿菌休眠孢子萌发。与根肿菌休眠孢子共培6 d后，大豆根系分泌物培养的休眠孢子萌发率为29.82%，显著高于白菜（15.52%）、油菜根系分泌物（14.83%）和营养液（6.48%）培养下的萌发率。据此推测，前作种植大豆，后茬油菜根肿病发生和危害减轻，原因应与大豆根系分泌物刺激根肿菌休眠孢子萌发，产生的游动孢子因缺少寄主植物而死亡，导致诱发病害的初侵染源（土壤中休眠孢子含量）减少有关。     

武威市畜禽粪污土地承载潜力分析

为评估武威市畜禽养殖粪污土地承载潜力,本文按照以地定畜、种养平衡的原则,从畜禽粪污养分供给和土壤粪肥养分需求的角度出发,科学测算了武威市近三年畜禽粪污养分供给量和本区域植物粪肥养分需求量,分析武威市各县区畜禽粪污土地理论承载力和实际承载力差距,推算出潜在承载力,为政府决策、部门制定畜牧业发展规划提供依据。