The scope for reconciling public good and private forestry in the United Kingdom

The nature of private forestry in the UK as an economic activity is changing, with increasing ‘public good’ demands being placed on forest owners, with or without compensation from government. Although the motives for owning woodland are weakly researched, it is evident that amenity and recreational interests rather than formal productive economic activity are a major force in influencing woodland purchase and may well be a dominant force in woodland management over many parts of the UK. Recent research suggests a need for recognition of the high value of the public goods and, in particular, recognition of their high levels of spatial variability, whilst recognising that the public good — private good dualism is an oversimplification of the actual situation. New policy instruments are currently being implemented in various parts of the UK by devolved governments, and their capacity to both remediate market failure and address the needs of forest owners is considered. Their voluntary character and the preferences of forest owners may seriously constrain the optimal delivery of public goods. Further, existing policy instruments may be seen as insufficiently geographically targeted to areas where the greatest social benefits could be anticipated from policy-induced improvements in public good values.     

基于两维图论聚类的辽宁省土地利用多功能性分区

辽宁省土地利用功能间的矛盾相对突出,明晰区域土地利用多功能的现状、进行土地利用多功能性分区可为促进区域土地利用功能的协调发展提供依据。选取2017年辽宁省县域土地利用生活、生产、生态方面22个典型指标构建区域土地利用多功能性评价指标体系,运用熵权法和两维图论聚类法进行土地利用多功能性评价及分区研究。研究发现:1)研究区生活功能高值区于中部呈斜"X"状分布,生产功能值主要呈现以沈阳为中心的"环状"递减蔓延结构,生态功能值由外至内逐渐减少。2)区域县域生产功能和生活功能呈显著正相关,生产功能和生态功能呈显著负相关。3)根据区域土地利用多功能值和两维图论聚类法可将研究区划分为辽东生态功能优势区、辽北功能欠协调区、辽南功能相对均衡区以及辽西功能欠发展区。研究结果可为县域尺度国土空间规划的制定与实施等提供技术支撑和科学依据。     

不同退化程度高寒草甸植物物种多样性与生态系统多功能性关系

为探究高寒草甸不同退化程度生态系统多功能性的变化,本研究综合考虑了植物物种多样性和多种生态系统功能如生产力、养分循环和固存能力、土壤涵养水分能力等,运用降维因子分析的方法计算了生态系统多功能性,综合分析了植物物种多样性与生态系统功能和多功能性间的关系。结果表明：高寒草甸退化显著降低了Margalef指数、Shannon-weiner指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数(P<0.05),各生态系统功能趋于恶化。高寒草甸退化导致生态系统多功能性的下降,综合统计量结果为轻度退化(21.9955)＞中度退化(8.7295)＞重度退化(—30.7245)。植物物种多样性与生态系统多功能性之间均存在正相关关系,其中Simpson指数与生态系统多功能性指数拟合的结果最好,说明高寒草甸生态系统多功能性受植物物种多样性的制约。本研究可为青藏高原草地退化及恢复的过程和机理研究提供理论依据。     

Exploring the Role of Management in the Coproduction of Ecosystem Services from Spanish Wooded Rangelands

The wood pastures or hardwood rangelands of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula are complex social-ecological systems created from the long-term interaction of society and the landscape. Dehesa, oak woodlands managed for grazing, cropping, and other forms of production, is the most common rangeland system and one of the most distinctive landscapes. Traditionally characterized by multifunctional low-intensity management that enhances a wide range of ecosystem services, current management has shifted from the traditional toward more intensified models. This paper assesses the coproduction of ecosystem services on dehesa properties by exploring the relationship between biophysical and sociocultural factors and dehesa management practices. Based on 42 surveys we analyze 16 quantitative indicators using multivariate techniques. The results indicate that there are four main dehesa types as defined by their characteristics and management: large heterogeneous operations with diverse products; small and homogeneous operations focused on a reduced number of products; medium-large properties focused on crop production; and midsized properties with easy public access. Management is the result of the dynamics of interacting biophysical and sociocultural factors that influence manager priorities and investments. Management decisions group around the degree of multifunctionality of the operation, the relative importance of crop production, the degree of grazing pressure in the system, and how restrictive public access policy is. We find that in the study area, interactions between all the previously mentioned elements covary consistently, generating bundles of ecosystem services associated with each of three management models based on the intensity of management.     

法国农业可持续发展的经验与启示

本文根据对法国农业产业化和科技创新体制的考察经历,探讨了法国政府为促进农业持续发展而采取的政策与措施,并结合我国农业产业化发展中存在的问题,从提高农民组织化程度、建立高效科技推广体系、提高农业从业者素质和树立多功能农业理念等方面提出若干政策性建议.     

农业的多功能性评价指标初探

随着工业化的发展及城市化的不断推进，农业的功能已经不仅局限于生产功能，而是集产品供给、社会安全保障、产业奉献、就业保障、生态功能与生活休闲为一体的多功能产业。本文根据农业的多功能特点，筛选了若干评价指标，初步建立了农业多功能性评价指标体系。     

优化乡村振兴路径思考 ——基于中西方国家乡村发展评价

中西方在乡村发展过程中遇到的问题既有共通之处，也存在诸多差异。因此，应审慎对待西方经验，走符合中国国情农情的乡村发展道路。鉴于此，本文采用文献综述法，回顾了1940年代至今西方国家乡村发展的历史脉络，梳理了其乡村发展理念、机制与行为主体等方面的演进脉络，探讨我国乡村振兴的发展路径。研究表明，西方乡村发展理念早期经历了生产主义和后生产主义阶段，乡村发展机制从自上而下的外生式发展逐渐演变为自下而上的内生式发展，随着经济发展理念从凯恩斯主义转向新自由主义，最终指向网络式发展模式下的多功能主义。但仍存在农业弱国粮食安全受威胁、乡村行动者网络不完整和城乡区域发展差异等若干问题。新中国成立以来，乡村的发展脉络可划分为发展起步期、制度改革期、深化改革期、体制转型期和快速发展期五个阶段，乡村面貌焕然一新。但与西方乡村发展理念比较，我国乡村振兴仍处于起步阶段，存在土地非农非粮化、青壮年劳动力流失和区域发展不平衡等问题。因此，结合国外经验和我国实际，优化我国乡村振兴路径，提出要正确协调粮食安全与发展政策关系、处理好小农经济与农业现代化的关系、构建社会网络提升乡村发展内生与外生动力、重视因地制宜的差异化发展模式等一系列政策建议。     

基于农业多功能性视角下的农家乐经营模式研究

根据国内部分城市农家乐的成功经验,总结出五种农家乐模式,并分析了它们的特点和具有的各项功能。不同的模式所具有的功能不同,在生态、社会和经济方面的表现具有一定的差异。     

不同利用方式下草地生态系统的多功能性与物种多样性

运用平均值法计算多功能性指数，对阿勒泰禁牧草地、春秋季节放牧草地、弃耕放牧草地、天然放牧草地进行了多功能性评价，并探讨了多功能性与物种多样性之间的关系。结果表明：所运用的方法和目前主流方法评价得出的多功能性指数在样方(R²=0.950, P<0.05)和样地尺度（R²=0.909, P<0.01）上都有极高的相关性。弃耕放牧草地物种多样性水平最低（0.219），绝大多数土壤功能指标较差，总体表现出退化特征（-0.241），天然放牧草地土壤功能指标也表现出同样的特征（-0.406）；春秋季节放牧草地有较高的物种多样性水平（0.910）和较好的土壤功能指标（0.343）；4种草地群落的多功能性指数为春秋季节放牧草地(0.343)>禁牧草地(0.222)>弃耕放牧草地(-0.241)>天然放牧草地(-0.406)。植物主要沿水肥梯度分布；多样性指数中，丰富度指数和均匀度指数对多功能性的影响最大，均为样地尺度（R²=0.980, P<0.05；R²=0.455, P>0.05）大于样方尺度（R²=0.078, P>0.05；R²=0.116, P>0.05），有尺度依赖性，但均匀度指数表现的并不明显。（4）物种丰富度对多功能性的影响最大（R²=0.980, P=0.01），表现为极显著正相关关系，而物种均匀度与之呈不显著的单峰曲线关系（P>0.05）。综上，相对于禁牧草地、天然放牧草地和弃耕放牧草地，春秋季节放牧草地更有利于维持该地区生态系统的多功能性；物种丰富度高且物种均匀度分布适中的生态系统可能有更高的多功能性。