Degradation of AM Nitrification Inhibitor in Soil of Subtropical Region

The aim of the study was to evaluate the degradation and persistence of 2-amino 4-chloro 6-methyl pyrimidine (AM), nitrification inhibitor at 1 and 2 µg g^?1 application rates in soil. The extraction of AM was done by QuEChER’s (Quick, Easy. Cheap. Rugged and Safe) method and the quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). AM decreased with time at both the levels of application with the decline being faster in the beginning up to 7 d. Dissipation of AM occurred in a single phase with the persistence data fitting well to the first-order kinetics. Half-lives of AM were determined to be 14.33 and 16.7 d at 1 and 2 µg g^–1 levels application rates. Since AM remains effective for an adequate period of time, it can be used for increasing efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizers in rice–wheat cropping systems as well as a safeguard for controlling environmental pollution in subtropical soils.     

长期施肥对不同有机质含量农田黑土活性有机氮组分的影响

为了阐明长期施肥后不同有机质含量农田黑土活性有机氮组分的变化,探讨农田黑土肥力演变对施肥的响应机制,本研究利用黑土生产力长期定位试验,以5个不同有机质(SOM)含量11%(北安)、6%(嫩江)、5%(海伦)、3%(德惠)、1.7%(梨树)农田黑土为研究对象,对比研究了连续施用8年化肥后对土壤全氮及土壤活性氮库不同组分颗粒有机氮(POM-N)、微生物量氮(SMBN)、可溶性有机氮(DON)及轻组有机氮(LFOM-N)的影响。结果表明:与无肥处理相比,长期施用化肥可提高土壤全氮、POM-N、SMBN、LFOM-N的含量(P0.05),对DON的影响不显著。土壤全氮、POM-N、LFOM-N、SMBN含量随土壤有机质含量的降低而降低。在土壤活性有机氮的组分中,颗粒有机氮的贡献率最大。长期施肥对不同有机质含量的农田黑土活性有机氮之间的相关性无影响。     

关于世界黑土分布的探讨

黑土和黑钙土是两类不同的土壤,仅就黑土而言世界有三大片,它们是北美洲、阿根廷和乌拉圭的潘巴斯大草原以及中国的东北;按广义的黑土,包括黑土和黑钙土,应当是四大片,除上述三大片之外,另有乌克兰和俄罗斯。     

低分子量根系分泌物对土壤微生物活性及团聚体稳定性的影响

以黑土为供试土壤,采用化学试剂模拟根系分泌物进行室内培养试验,研究低分子量根系分泌物及主要组分对土壤微生物活性及团聚体稳定性的影响.结果显示,与对照相比,低分子量根系分泌物及主要组分短期内均显著提高了土壤微生物的活性,促进了>250μm大团聚体,尤其是>2 000μm团聚体的形成,显著增强了土壤团聚体的稳定性.低分子量根系分泌物中葡萄糖组分有利于土壤中细菌的生长,从而在细菌活动的驱动下,促进了微团聚体的形成;苹果酸和谷氨酸组分则有利于真菌的生长和繁殖,在真菌菌丝网络的缠绕和牯结作用下,促使微团聚体进一步胶结形成大团聚体.因此,低分子量根系分泌物中各主要组分共同参与并影响土壤的团聚化过程,改善根际微区土壤的结构,以利于植物根系的生长.     

全球黑土区土壤有机质变化态势及其管理技术

黑土富含有机质,适宜耕种,具有极高作物生产潜力。黑土耕地是重要农业自然资源与主要的粮食生产基地。随着我国黑土大规模开发、高强度利用、不合理的田间管理措施以及水土流失导致其耕地地力呈现不断下降的态势,突出表现就是土壤有机质含量的降低,给东北黑土区农业可持续发展带来隐患,直接影响粮食安全和生态安全。因此,深入了解全球黑土有机质变化态势,采取科学、有效的田间管理措施,建立黑土生态保护机制,遏制黑土耕地土壤有机质含量不断下降的趋势,既是农业生产实际的客观需求,也是农田生态学需要解决的科学问题。本文根据近年来国内外黑土有机质的文献资料,参考了国外黑土有机质研究前沿进展,对黑土耕地有机质的利用现状、演变过程和发展趋势进行了深入剖析,总结了黑土区耕地土壤有机质保持与提升技术措施,并提出未来我国黑土耕地农业生产与生态保护兼顾的技术路线。     

Elevated CO2 alters the structure of the bacterial community assimilating plant‐derived carbon in the rhizosphere of soya bean

Elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) increases rhizodeposits, which in turn alters the soil microbial community. However, it is not really known how the microbial community metabolizes plant‐derived carbon (C) in the rhizosphere under eCO₂, especially in agricultural soils. This study used a ¹³CO₂ labelling technique combined with DNA‐stable isotope probing (SIP) to fractionate the ¹³C‐DNA and ¹²C‐DNA from the rhizosphere of soya bean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Suinong 14) grown for 54 days under ambient CO₂ (aCO₂) (390 ppm) or eCO₂ (550 ppm). The DNA fractions were then subjected to Illumina Miseq sequencing. The results showed that eCO₂ decreased the richness and diversity of the ¹³C‐assimilating bacterial community compared to aCO₂ (p < 0.05). Elevated CO₂ decreased the abundances of genera, including Pseudarthrobacter, Gaiellales_uncultured, Microlunatus, Gemmatimonas, Gemmatimonadaceae_uncultured, Ramlibacter, Massilia, Luteimonas, Acidobacteriaceae_uncultured, Bryobacter and Candidatus_Solibacter. These genera were probably fast‐growing bacteria and sensitive to labile C. In contrast, eCO₂ stimulated the growth of genera Novosphingobium, Acidimicrobiales_uncultured, Bacillus, Flavisolibacter and Schlesneria, which were able to assimilate complex C compounds. Moreover, the increased population of Novosphingobium under eCO₂ might have accelerated electron flow from the oxidation of organic C. Correspondingly, eCO₂ did not affect the concentration of the dissolved organic C but increased the plant‐derived ¹³C in the rhizosphere. These results indicated that an eCO₂‐induced increase in non‐labile C in rhizodeposits contributed to the increase in population size of a number of the plant‐C‐metabolizing genera that might become the mechanism for the turnover of fresh C in the rhizosphere, modifying the soil C cycle under eCO₂ environments.     

长期施用氮肥和磷肥对东北黑土丛枝菌根真菌群落组成的影响

【目的】丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)真菌在促进作物养分吸收、提高作物抗病和抗逆性等方面具有重要意义,探讨长期施用化学氮肥和磷肥对东北黑土AM真菌的影响及其主效环境因子,为进一步揭示AM真菌对化肥的响应机制,指导农田施肥以及利用AM真菌提高土壤养分有效性提供依据。【方法】以长期定位试验为平台,选取5种不同处理:不施肥(CK),单施常量氮肥(N_1),混施常量氮肥和磷肥(N_1P_1),单施2倍常量氮肥(N_2),混施2倍常量氮肥和磷肥(N_2P_2)。采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术研究连续施用37年氮肥和磷肥的AM真菌群落组成差异,并对AM真菌群落组成与环境因子进行相关性分析。【结果】随着氮、磷施用量的增加,黑土p H和速效钾含量显著降低,而全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质含量显著提高。单施氮肥(N_1和N_2)对黑土中AM真菌多样性影响不显著(P0.05);然而氮、磷混施(N_1P_1和N_2P_2)显著降低黑土中AM真菌多样性(P0.05)。土壤中AM真菌以Glomeraceae科为主,占AM真菌45.5%。在属水平上,施肥降低Funneliformis和Septoglomus丰度,而提高Paraglomus丰度;在N_1和N_2基础上施磷显著提高Glomus和Funneliformis丰度,而降低Gigaspora和Paraglomus的丰度。非度量多维度分析表明,长期施用氮、磷肥改变了土壤中AM真菌群落组成。不施肥处理、单施氮肥处理和氮、磷混施处理AM真菌群落差异显著,且磷肥影响较为显著。冗余分析表明,土壤p H,有效磷含量是影响黑土中AM真菌群落组成的主效环境因子(P0.05)。【结论】长期施用氮肥以及氮、磷肥混施改变了黑土中AM真菌群落组成,单施氮肥对黑土中AM真菌多样性影响不大,而氮、磷肥混施降低其多样性,施肥导致的土壤p H和有效磷含量变化是主要因素。     

中国黑土研究的热点问题及水土流失防治对策

[目的]总结中国东北黑土区水土流失特征及其防治所取得的成效,为黑土侵蚀防治和黑土地保护提供参考。[方法]根据多年的研究积累,结合区域调研和已有文献,归纳近年来中国关于黑土研究的有关热点问题,总结坡耕地水土流失防治成效。[结果]确认了全球共有4大片黑土地区,其中中国东北黑土区面积为1.09×10~6 km~2。虽然当前坡耕地黑土层因侵蚀变薄速率较高(2～3 mm/a),水土流失导致全坡面土壤质量下降,但可以肯定,至少在未来100 a内黑土不会消失。东北黑土区已建立了效果显著的水土保持技术体系,可有效降低水土流失80%以上,使土壤有机质年均增加速率达5.4‰,作物产量提高10%以上。[结论]应该以土壤侵蚀面积和强度双重指标衡量其水土流失严重程度。在未来30 a内,黑土区水土流失防治工作应以坡耕地治理为主,以法律为保障,以国家工程为引领。     

Effect of Distances from Different Trees Species on the Properties of Mollic Horizon

The study area is located in Duhok province-Kurdistan region-Northern Iraq and including two locations the first location is situated in Galbook village and the vegetation cover is trees of （Quercus aegilops L.）, the second location is situated in Koradeer village that covered with threes of Prunus dulcis （Mill.） Webb.. Disturbed surface soil samples at depth 0-30 cm were collected at four different distances （1, 5, 10 and 15 m） from the tree with randomized selection three trees in each study location. Soil organic matter decreases with increasing distances from tree in both locations under two different trees species, which is attributed to the effect of tree crown. Ordinarily, organic matter content in both locations correspond to the requirements of Mollisols. Statistical analysis of data showed significant differences in organic matter content between locations. Cation exchange capacity is high under tree crown and decreasing with distances from tree in both locations, as a result of decreasing organic matter and increasing calcium carbonate with distances. Commonly soil pH is slightly increased with increasing distances from tree because of increasing calcium carbonate with distances and decreasing organic matter content. Calcium was not uniform with distances and Mg decreasing with distances in both locations. The values of fine clay/coarse clay and fine clay/total clay of soil samples confirm development of the soils under study. Porosity percentage under tree crown is high and decreasing with distances. Soil bulk density was increased with distances in both locations, as a result of decreasing organic matter content with distances. This study aims to explain the effect of tree distances and species on the mollic horizon properties.     

黑土农田极端侵蚀对土壤质量及作物产量的影响

在黑土层厚度为30cm、过渡层(母质层)厚度为40,70cm下的坡耕地上,采用人为剥离0,30,70cm土层以及沉积30,70cm土层,建立田间模拟试验小区,研究了黑土坡耕地极端侵蚀对土壤理化性质及玉米籽实产量的影响。结果表明:与无侵蚀处理相比,表土剥离30,70cm、沉积30,70cm处理均导致耕层(0—20cm)土壤容重、质量含水量和储水量显著增加,土壤孔隙度、0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体平均重量直径、几何平均直径、田间持水量、饱和含水量及养分含量均显著降低;表土剥离30,70cm处理下玉米产量分别减产42.1%和52.6%;沉积30cm处理下玉米产量与无侵蚀处理间没有显著性差异,而沉积70cm处理下显著减产12.4%。极端侵蚀无论是表土剥离还是沉积均导致土壤质量的下降,致使全坡面耕层土壤供肥保肥能力降低,最终造成玉米减产。