长期施肥对黄壤性水稻土有机碳矿化的影响

以贵州省农业科学院内黄壤性水稻土长期(22年)定位施肥试验为对象,采用室内模拟培养试验研究了不施肥(对照,CK)、施化肥(NPK)、低量有机无机肥配施(0.5MNPK)、施牛粪(M)和常量有机无机肥配施(MNPK)对土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明:NPK处理土壤有机碳含量(21.6 g kg~(-1))与CK处理(22.8 g kg~(-1))基本相同,而0.5MNPK、M和MNPK处理的土壤有机碳含量较CK处理分别提高了30.6%、72.9%和62.2%,其中,M和MNPK处理差异达显著水平(p0.05)。模拟培养条件下,CO2产生速率在培养的第2天达到最大值,然后迅速下降,而后缓慢下降(第4~24天),后期(第24~30天)趋于稳定;各处理土壤有机碳矿化速率大小依次为:MMNPK0.5MNPKCKNPK,各处理土壤有机碳矿化速率随时间的动态变化均符合对数函数关系(p0.01)。培养结束(30 d)时,各处理土壤有机碳累积矿化量为1.23~2.37 g kg~(-1),以M处理和MNPK处理较高,较CK处理(1.46 g kg~(-1))分别增加了62.6%和44.2%(p0.05);各施肥处理土壤有机碳的累积矿化率(土壤有机碳累积矿化量/土壤有机碳含量)较CK处理(6.4%)均有所下降,以M处理和MNPK处理下降较多,降幅分别为1.2%和0.9%。土壤有机碳累积矿化量随培养天数的动态变化可以用一级动力学方程拟合(p0.01),模拟结果表明,CK处理土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量为1.55 g kg~(-1),与CK处理相比,NPK处理下降了11.6%,但差异不显著(p0.05),而有机肥处理(0.5MNPK、M和MNPK)有不同程度的提高(21.3%~73.6%),其中,M和MNPK处理提高幅度较大(p0.05);同时,MNPK处理能够提高土壤有机碳的周转速率,减少周转时间。上述结果指示黄壤性水稻土长期施用有机肥(0.5MNPK、M和MNPK)能够提高土壤有机碳的矿化速率,在促进土壤有机碳积累的同时降低其累积矿化率(单位有机碳矿化水平),增强土壤固碳能力。     

Nitrogen mineralization indicators under semi-arid and semi-humid conditions: influence on wheat yield and nitrogen uptake

The objectives were i) to assess indicators for potential nitrogen (N) mineralization and ii) to analyze their relationships for predicting winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth parameters (yield and N uptake, N_up) in Mollisols of the semi-arid and semi-humid region of the Argentine Pampas. Thirty-six farmer fields were sampled at 0–20 cm. Several N mineralization indicators, wheat grain yield and N_up at physiological maturity stage were assessed. A principal component (PC) analysis was performed using correlated factors to grain yield and N_up. The cluster analysis showed two main groups: high fertility and low fertility soils. In high fertility soils, combining PCs in multiple regression models enhanced the wheat yield and N_up prediction significantly with a high R² (adj R² = 0.71–0.83). The main factors that explained the wheat parameters were associated with water availability and N mineralization indicator, but they differ according to soil fertility.

Abbreviations: N: nitrogen; SOM: soil organic matter; POM: particulate organic matter; SOC: soil organic carbon; SON: soil organic nitrogen; POM-C: particulate organic carbon; POM-N: particulate organic nitrogen; N_an: anaerobic nitrogen; N_hyd: hydrolyzable N; NO₃-N: cold nitrate; N₂₀₅: N determined by spectrometer at 205 nm; N₂₆₀: N determined by spectrometer at 260 nm; Pe: extractable P; N_up: wheat N uptake; NO₃-N: inorganic N in the form of nitrate; FR: fallow rainfalls (March-Seeding rainfall); FLR: flowering rainfalls (October-December rainfall); GFR: grain filling rainfall (November rainfall); CCR: crop growing season rainfall (June-December rainfall); PCA: principal component analysis; PC: principal component; MR: multiple regression     

土壤有机碳对沼渣或牛粪施用后温室气体排放潜力的影响—盆栽试验结果

A change in the European Union energy policy has markedly promoted the expansion of biogas production.Consequently,large amounts of nutrient-rich residues are being used as organic fertilizers.In this study,a pot experiment was conducted to simulate the high-risk situation of enhanced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions following organic fertilizer application in energy maize cultivation.We hypothesized that cattle slurry application enhanced CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to biogas digestate because of the overall higher carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) input,and that higher levels of CO2 and N2O emissions could be expected by increasing soil organic C (SOC) and N contents.Biogas digestate and cattle slurry,at a rate of 150 kg NH4+-N ha-1,were incorporated into 3 soil types with low,medium,and high SOC contents (Cambisol,Mollic Gleysol,and Sapric Histosol,termed Clow,Cmedium,and Chigh,respectively).The GHG exchange (CO2,CH4,and N2O) was measured on 5 replicates over a period of 22 d using the closed chamber technique.The application of cattle slurry resulted in significantly higher CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to the application of biogas digestate.No differences were observed in CH4 exchange,which was close to zero for all treatments.Significantly higher CO2 emissions were observed in Chigh compared to the other two soil types,whereas the highest N2O emissions were observed in Cmedium.Thus,the results demonstrate the importance of soil type-adapted fertilization with respect to changing soil physical and environmental conditions.     

Seasonal Losses of Surface Litter in Northern Great Plains Mixed-Grass Prairies

Surface litter protects rangeland soils against wind and water erosion and provides food and nesting materials for wildlife and insects. However, the ability of grassland systems to provide these services depends on the little studied topic of seasonal surface litter decomposition. Seasonal and annual surface litter decomposition rates were determined between 2014 and 2015 in central and western South Dakota at three mixed-grass prairie locations. Residue bags containing surface litter were placed in the field in late fall (1 November) of 2014 and removed after the winter (1 April), spring (1 July), and summer + fall seasons (1 November) of 2015. The litter was analyzed for total C, total N, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL). Average winter temperatures ranged from −5^oC to −15^oC, while summer temperatures ranged from 10^oC to 35^oC. Litter decomposition was lowest during the winter (0.57−0.86 g [kg × day]⁻¹) and greatest during the summer + fall (2.12−2.69 g [kg × day]⁻¹). Over the entire season, 40.8−62% of the surface litter decomposed. Winter litter decomposition was positively correlated with air temperature (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) and snow depth (r = 0.61, P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with C/N ratio (r = −0.65, P < 0.01), ADF (r = −0.35, P < 0.05), and ADL (r = −0.25, P < 0.05) concentrations. These findings indicate that winter decomposition cannot be ignored and that winter surface litter decomposition increases with snow depth.     

Impact of Distillery Effluent on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in a Vertisol of Central India

Distilleries produce a huge quantity of effluents, popularly known as spent wash (SW), which when bio-methanated produce post-methanation effluents (PME). A field experiment on soybean–wheat system was conducted for five consecutive years in a Vertisol of central India to evaluate the effect of distillery effluent (DE) on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Ten treatment combinations consisting of control, 100% NPK + Farmyard Manure (FYM), and graded level of SW and PME were applied. Total carbon content of soil increased significantly with applications of FYM and DE. SW was found superior in enhancing carbon content of soil in comparison to PME. Farmyard Manure contributed more carbon toward the recalcitrant pool, whereas DE contributed more carbon toward the active and slow pool. Nitrogen (N) availability was significantly improved with the application of DE. Balanced application of DE may act as amendment for increasing C and N stocks in Vertisol.     

秸秆生物炭对水稻生长及滩涂土壤化学性质的影响

为改善滨海滩涂土壤结构和性质，提高其保肥供肥能力。本研究单施秸秆生物炭，并按滩涂土壤湿质量的5%、10%、15%和20%的比例将生物炭与滩涂土壤混匀，连续两年考察一次性施用生物炭以及生物炭改良滩涂土壤的效果。调查了两个稻季的水稻产量和谷草比，并监测了两个稻季土壤性质的动态变化。结果表明：适宜地添加秸秆生物炭增加了水稻产量、提高了谷草比；增加了土壤电导率（EC）和阳离子交换量（CEC）；提高了土壤碳、氮含量，但在稻季休闲期，土壤中碳、氮会发生矿化而引起碳、氮含量减少；生物炭的添加对滩涂土壤pH没有显著影响。研究表明，滩涂土壤施加秸秆生物炭可以改善土壤结构，培肥地力，在消化大量农作物秸秆的同时为粮食产区的发展分担压力。     

土壤添加沼渣对温室气体排放及小麦生长的影响

Digestate, the product obtained after anaerobic digestion of organic waste for biogas production, is rich in plant nutrients and might be used to fertilize crops. Wheat(Triticum spp. L.) was fertilized with digestate, urea, or left unfertilized and cultivated in the greenhouse for 120 d. Emissions of greenhouse gasses(carbon dioxide(CO_2), methane(CH_4), and nitrous oxide(N_2O)) were monitored and plant growth characteristics were determined at harvest. The digestate was characterized for heavy metals, pathogens, and C and N mineralization potential in an aerobic incubation experiment. No Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., or viable eggs of helminths were detected in the digested pig slurry, but the number of faecal coliforms was as high as 3.6 × 10~4colony-forming units(CFU) g-~(1)dry digestate. The concentrations of heavy metals did not surpass the upper limits established by US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). After 28 d, 17% of the organic C(436 g kg~(-1)dry digestate) and 8% of the organic N(6.92 g kg~(-1)dry digestate)were mineralized. Emissions of CO_2 and CH_4 were not significantly affected by fertilization in the wheat-cultivated soil, but digestate significantly increased the cumulative N_2O emission by 5 times compared to the urea-amended soil and 63 times compared to the uncultivated unfertilized soil. It could be concluded that digestate was nutrient rich and low in heavy metals and pathogens, and did not affect emissions of CH_4 and CO_2 when applied to a soil cultivated with wheat, but increased emission of N_2O.     

Ectopic Bone as a Nidus for Calcium Oxalate Urocystolithiasis in a Cat

A 7‐year‐old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was referred to the urology service for nonsurgical urocystolith removal. A urolith was attached to the urothelium by ectopic bone. Interventional removal without surgery was successful. Follow‐up evaluation 3 years after urolith removal revealed recurrent uroliths, bladder wall mineralization, and marked renal mineralization. This case illustrates the metaplastic potential of the urothelium and that ectopic bone should be included among the pathological factors that promote lithogenesis.     

不同含水量天然硫酸盐盐渍土中二氧化碳和氧化亚氮的排放

Soil salinization may negatively affect microbial processes related to carbon dioxide(CO_2) and nitrous oxide(N_2O) emissions. A short-term laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soil electrical conductivity(EC) and moisture content on CO_2 and N_2O emissions from sulfate-based natural saline soils. Three separate 100-m long transects were established along the salinity gradient on a salt-affected agricultural field at Mooreton, North Dakota, USA. Surface soils were collected from four equally spaced sampling positions within each transect, at the depths of 0–15 and 15–30 cm. In the laboratory, artificial soil cores were formed combining soils from both the depths in each transect, and incubated at 60% and 90% water-filled pore space(WFPS) at 25?C. The measured depth-weighted EC of the saturated paste extract(EC_e) across the sampling positions ranged from 0.43 to 4.65 dS m~(-1). Potential nitrogen(N) mineralization rate and CO_2 emissions decreased with increasing soil EC_e, but the relative decline in soil CO_2 emissions with increasing ECe was smaller at 60% WFPS than at 90% WFPS. At 60% WFPS, soil N_2O emissions decreased from 133 μg N_2O-N kg~(-1) soil at EC_e 0.50 dS m~(-1) to 72 μg N_2O-N kg~(-1) soil at EC_e = 4.65 dS m~(-1). In contrast, at 90% WFPS,soil N_2O emissions increased from 262 μg N_2O-N kg~(-1) soil at EC_e = 0.81 dS m~(-1) to 849 μg N_2O-N kg~(-1) soil at EC_e = 4.65 dS m~(-1), suggesting that N_2O emissions were linked to both soil ECe and moisture content. Therefore, spatial variability in soil EC_e and pattern of rainfall over the season need to be considered when up-scaling N_2O and CO_2 emissions from field to landscape scales.     

不同有机肥对采煤塌陷区土壤氮素矿化动态特征研究

为揭示不同有机肥对煤矿复垦土壤氮素矿化特性的影响,以山西省孝义市水峪煤矿采煤塌陷复垦土壤为研究对象,采用室内好气培养法,研究在40%含水量和30℃培养条件下,施用3种有机肥(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪)后在0~161天的氮素矿化动态特征,以明确不同有机肥对该矿区复垦土壤氮素矿化特征,从而预估不同有机肥的供氮特性,为合理施用有机肥进行低产农田的培肥改造提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)各处理0~14天铵态氮含量均随培养时间的延长迅速下降,与培养时间呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),14~161天土壤铵态氮含量维持在较低水平,培养结束时,各处理铵态氮含量均低于1.31mg/kg。(2)各处理土壤硝态氮含量、累积量及矿质氮累积量变化均呈近似的“S”形曲线递增,表现为0~56天缓慢增加,56~84天迅速增加,84天至培养结束(161天)其含量基本不变。培养结束时不同处理间硝态氮含量、累积量及矿质氮累积量整体上均表现为鸡粪>猪粪>牛粪>空白,且鸡粪较猪粪和牛粪处理间存在显著差异,猪粪和牛粪较空白处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。(3)不同施肥处理出现氮素净矿化的时间点不同,其中鸡粪处理在第14天时最早出现净矿化现象,而猪粪和牛粪在培养28天后才出现明显的氮素净矿化。(4)不同施肥处理在培养的不同阶段硝态氮和矿质氮累积速率不同,但整体趋势一致,表现为培养0~84天各处理土壤累积矿化波动较大,56~84天达到峰值,培养84~161天各处理矿化速率平稳下降。总体来看,有机肥的施入能有效促进煤矿复垦土壤氮素矿化,从而提高土壤氮素有效性。其中,施鸡粪较猪粪和牛粪对提高矿区复垦土壤有效氮效果更好。4种处理的氮素矿化效果总体表现为鸡粪>猪粪>牛粪>空白。